Temporal dynamics and drivers of lake ecosystem metabolism using high resolution observations in a shallow,tropical, eutrophic lake (Laguna Lake,Philippines)

The physical, chemical, and biological dynamics under changing atmospheric conditions of Laguna Lake, Philippines were analyzed from intensive observations. Diel measurements were conducted for 48 continuous hours for both dry and wet tropical seasons in addition to fine resolution long-term monitoring. Results revealed significant vertical and diel variations of lake variables in spite of a shallow water depth (2.5 m) caused by the intense surface heating from solar irradiance (~800 W m^?2) and accentuated by the lake's high turbidity (16–32 ftu). Late afternoon land-lake breeze (~5–7 m s^?1) regularly breaks daytime thermal stratification, and convective cooling at night maintains isothermal condition until dawn of the next day. The stratified condition demonstrated a wind-driven, density-induced 2-layer current pattern with a windward moving epilimnion (~4 folds faster) and a compensating hypolimnetic flow in the general lake circulation direction. Laguna Lake was observed to have a dominating diel cycle but also undergoes significant seasonal limnological variations brought primarily by climate, hydrology, and its interaction with the adjacent sea. Significantly correlated variations of pH, chlorophyll-a and DO in the dry season were indicative of the higher biological activity associated with the intrusion of polluted waters from Metro Manila. The non-occurrence of thermal over-turn was observed to be regularly followed by bottom hypoxic conditions (2–4 mg L^?1), indicative of the eutrophic condition of the lake and the importance of diel wind-induced mixing in the bottom supply of DO. Laguna Lake was found to be predominantly net heterotrophic (GPP:R < 1, NEP < 0).     

Seasonal patterns of thermal stratification and primary production in the northern parts of Lake Tanganyika

Thermal stratification in meromictic Lake Tanganyika weakens during the cool, dry and windy season, allowing intrusions of deeper nutrient-rich waters into the upper mixed layer enhancing primary productivity. The current study examined the seasonal influence of thermal structure on the patterns of primary production in Lake Tanganyika. Two sites (Kigoma Bay and Mahale) were sampled on a monthly basis for 1?year. Water temperature and chlorophyll a fluorescence profiles (0–100?m) were measured using a multisonde. Water samples were taken every 20?m (0–100?m) to measure soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), chlorophyll a and primary production. Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometry was used for the measurements of primary production. The results show that the dry season coincided with higher wind speeds, elevated SRP and some peaks of chlorophyll a and primary production at both sites. During the wet season, high levels of chlorophyll a and primary production coincided with an increase in the euphotic depth, a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) and a contribution from metalimnetic areal production at both sites. Our results suggest that the vertical distribution of primary production in Lake Tanganyika is affected by the lake thermal structure, nutrient availability and the extent of the euphotic zone. In Lake Tanganyika, estimates of areal primary production were significantly affected by DCM and required estimation throughout the entire upper mixed layer and the metalimnion which extended to ~89?m.     

Is the fishery of the introduced Tanganyika sardine (Limnothrissa miodon) in Lake Kivu (East Africa) sustainable?

Limnothrissa miodon, a small pelagic clupeid fish introduced at the end of the 1950s into Lake Kivu, became an important resource for the human populations of this area. The total stock of pelagic fish populations of this lake was estimated in 2008 by two hydroacoustic surveys, using an EK60 split-beam sounder (frequency 70 kHz). The total fish stocks were estimated to be approximately 5000 t in the rainy season and 6000 tons in the dry season. These values are similar to previous estimations performed in the 1980s. During 2008, the stock did not fluctuate throughout the seasons; however, the spatial distributions were different in the two hydrological seasons. Interestingly, the L. miodon stock has appeared to remain stable over the last two decades, which suggests that the pelagic fishery in Lake Kivu has not been overexploited and that it is sustainable.     

鄱阳湖水利调控对湖区典型丰枯水年水动力水质影响研究

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的修建会在一定程度上阻拦长江与鄱阳湖的江湖连通性,湖区水流情势将发生改变。本研究采用有限体积法求解非结构网格下的二维浅水水动力水质模型,根据初定的枢纽工程水位调度方案,研究典型丰枯水年湖区水动力与水质条件变化。结果表明,枢纽工程建成后,丰水年星子站年平均水位抬升1.49 m,枯水年星子站年平均水位抬升1.88 m,枯水年水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位抬升变幅值、流速变幅值和工程影响的持续时间均高于丰水年。工程后丰水年枯水期水面面积增加15.3%,水量增加29.2%,枯水年枯水期水面面积增加22.8%,水量增加54.1%。选用示踪剂模型研究工程后湖区物质输运条件的改变,发现湖区物质输运过程明显减慢。典型丰水年水力滞留时间增幅为1~2 d,典型枯水年水力滞留时间增幅2~9 d;典型丰水年示踪剂传输时间增加值1~9 d,典型枯水年示踪剂传输时间增加值1~20 d。     

控水闸对通江湖泊水位及面积变化的影响分析——以升金湖为例

根据近3年来升金湖姜坝、黄湓闸闸上和闸下以及安庆水位站实测资料,探究控水闸对通江型湖泊水位及面积的影响。结果表明:受黄湓闸控水作用的影响,姜坝站水位在枯水期维持在11 m左右,远高于其他水位站,丰水期维持在15 m的警戒水位以内,与闸上水位波动一致,在特大洪水时河湖连通,水位不受控水闸影响;闸上水位在枯水期介于姜坝站和闸下水位之间,在水位高于11 m的平水期和丰水期,水位波动基本与姜坝站水位一致;闸下水位在枯水期介于闸上和安庆站水位之间,在平水期和丰水期与长江水位波动一致;估算并比较在河湖自然连通和黄湓闸控水状态下升金湖月均面积的变化,控水闸导致枯水期湖泊面积扩大,丰水期湖泊面积缩小。     

Seasonal stratification and mixing in a recently flooded mining void in tropical Australia

Enterprise Pit Lake is a water-filled mining void located in Australia's wet/dry tropics south of Darwin in the Northern Territory (13°49.6'S, 131°49.8'E). In the mid-1990s, the void was rapidly filled by the artificial diversion of the nearby Pine Creek watercourse. Profile data and surface water quality data were collected in the lake on a monthly basis from November 1998 to October 1999. Analysis of this data showed that Enterprise Pit Lake was strongly stratified for most of the year with deep mixing occurring once during the middle of the cool, dry season ( August, 1999 ). The relatively small volume of its epilimnion and its low productivity allowed significant oxygen concentrations to remain in the hypolimnion of the lake when it was strongly stratified. Low pH values in a layer of water with a depth of approximately 35 m and located in the lake's hypolimnion might be associated with several factors, including enhanced sulphide oxidation on the walls of the pit in this region.     

Factors influencing water level changes in China’s largest freshwater lake,Poyang Lake,in the past 50 years

This study analyses the changing characteristics in the level of Poyang Lake during the period 1960–2010. Results show that the changing stage of annual lake level variations is evident, and average onset time of the lake dry season has advanced since the 1990s. Investigation indicates that the Yangtze River discharge has a greater impact on annual lake level variations than the lake’s catchment inflow. Climate change in the Yangtze River basin since the 1990s is possibly the precondition for the advance of the lake dry season, which is further aggravated by the effects of the Three Gorges Dam in the 2000s.     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程对水质环境影响研究

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的建设,将改变湖内水动力特性,进而影响鄱阳湖的水环境质量。采用水深平均的二维水动力-水质模型对鄱阳湖现状水动力和水质进行模拟验证,水陆边界模拟采用动边界技术,摸拟"高水湖相,低水河相"的湖泊水域变化特征,水质特性为枯水期水质较差,丰水期水质较好,靠近入湖河口的湖区劣于湖心水质,北部出湖水质较好的现状。模型模拟预测在现状外部入流边界和现状污染负荷条件下,3种不同运行方式下,鄱阳湖湖流的时空形态相应发生的变化和相应水质变化。计算结果表明,枯水期大部分区域的水质浓度下降,但尾闾等部分区域有所升高,开闸泄水期前后,水质较现状水质下降,敞泄期的大部分时间,较现状水质基本相似,蓄水期水质变化不大。水动力特性综合水质浓度的改变,增加了局部水体的富营养化风险。研究结果可为枢纽的建设提供科学依据。     

Currents and Temperatures in Green Bay,Lake Michigan

Current velocities and water temperatures were measured in the four main passages between Green Bay and Lake Michigan and at several sites within the bay during summer and fall 1977. Monthly resultant currents indicate there is anticlockwise circulation in the bay during dominant southwesterly wind and a reversal of this pattern during episodes of northeasterly wind. It is common for two layers to flow through the mouth of the bay in opposite directions during the stratified season. Cold hypolimnetic lake water entering through the mouth and extending far into the bay maintains stratification and promotes flushing. The effects of resonance of forced and free long wave disturbances are prominent in current records; these oscillations are coherent and in phase across the mouth.     

长江干流九江段与鄱阳湖不同季节的同位素特征

为了分析不同时期鄱阳湖与长江及其他各条河流的关系,初步探讨三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖水量的影响,对九江段长江干流、鄱阳湖地区河水、湖水进行了采样和氘氧稳定同位素分析。结果表明:水体同位素存在明显的时间和空间变化,可用于揭示湖泊与河流之间的关系。三峡补水调度过程能有效减少鄱阳湖春季的水量流失,4月份鄱阳湖流域已进入雨季,大量内河来水导致鄱阳湖水以较大的流量向长江补给;调洪削峰调度阶段,较高的长江水位对鄱阳湖存在一定的顶托作用,导致湖水难以排泄;三峡蓄水过程引起的长江水位降低加速了枯水期鄱阳湖水的流失。三峡水库的调度需要考虑到鄱阳湖流域水情,以免加重该流域丰水期的洪涝灾害和枯水期的水资源短缺。     

引调水改善玄武湖水质的水量优化方法

针对2012—2017年玄武湖增加生态补水量并不能让湖泊水质转好的问题,通过实测水量水质数据拟合、零维模型的推导和二维水环境数学模拟预测的方法研究玄武湖水质优化方法及应用。实测拟合发现湖区水质随着补水量的增加呈现先转好再变差的趋势。通过零维模型的公式推导及量化参数的方法,得出玄武湖污染物降解量与补水量呈负一次函数关系,玄武湖水质与补水量呈二次方关系,并得出丰水期优化补水量为20万t/d,枯水期优化补水量为15万t/d。运用水环境数学模型进行模拟预测,在枯水期近期削减现状入湖污水的40%水质最优时的补水量为12万t/d;在丰水期,近期削减现状入湖污水的40%时的水质最优补水量为18万t/d,远期削减现状入湖污水80%时的水质最优补水量为15万t/d。     

基于文献计量学的中国地下水微生物研究现状分析

为了揭示我国地下水微生物研究现状与重点,为后续污染修复提供参考,利用Excel、CNKI可视化分析模块和CiteSpace软件对国内该领域397篇期刊论文和199篇硕博论文进行文献计量学分析。结果显示：中国地下水微生物研究主要围绕地下水污染开展,一方面使用多种修复技术对地下水污染环境进行生物修复,为地下水污染修复提供技术支持,另一方面利用分子生物学技术对地下水污染环境进行监测,为地下水污染修复提供理论支撑。张胜研究员、林学钰院士、刘菲教授、王焰新教授和席北斗研究员是该领域不同研究阶段的重要学者,吉林大学、中国地质大学（北京）和中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所在该领域具有较强学术影响力。在生态文明建设的迫切需求下,充分发挥微生物群落在地下水污染修复中的作用潜力仍是当下研究的重点。     

不同水期洱海氮磷时空变化规律

为了掌握洱海特征污染物入湖后在湖区的迁移规律,基于环境流体动力学模型EFDC,建立了洱海三维水质数学模型,并利用2015年、2016年的水文水质监测数据对模型进行了率定和验证。利用建立的洱海三维水质数学模型,模拟分析了不同水期、不同氮磷污染源浓度汇入条件下的洱海湖区总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)时空演变规律。结果表明:不同水期、不同氮磷污染源浓度汇入条件下的TN、TP分布规律类似;丰水期湖区TN、TP浓度总体上大于平水期和枯水期,高浓度汇入条件下的湖区TN、TP浓度总体上大于中浓度和低浓度;不同水期、不同氮磷污染源浓度汇入条件下洱海湖区TN、TP平均浓度差别不大,分别约为0.50 mg/L和0.03 mg/L;空间分布上,洱海湖区北部TN、TP浓度较高,近岸区域、湖湾的TN、TP浓度高于湖区。研究结果可为保护和治理洱海提供参考。     

The seasonal and spatial variations of labile copper, iron, manganese, lead and zinc sediment fractions in Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Lake Naivasha is a freshwater lake with no surface outlet, lying within a closed basin of the Kenyan Rift Valley. It is perceived to be a lake undergoing anthropogenic stresses. This study is intended to determine the speciation of some selected heavy metals in the sediments of Lake Naivasha, as an indicator of potential pollution of the lake. Sediment and water sampling of the lake was conducted in March and May 2003, during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Analyses of the speciation of heavy metals in sediment samples (<63 µm faction) were performed on sediment samples collected from five sites within the lake. The study results obtained indicated that influent Malewa River was not a source of labile copper (Cu), lead (Pb) or zinc, despite the river having the highest percentage clay content during the wet season (86%). Copper was highly distributed in the residual sediment fraction (average of 90%). Among the labile sediment factions, the highest quantity of Cu was in the oxidizable phase (3.58 and 2.30 µg g⁻¹ during the dry and wet season, respectively). Carbonate‐bound Cu was sparingly distributed during both the dry and the wet seasons, ranging between 0.74 and 1.81 µg g⁻¹. Iron was highly distributed in the oxidizable sediment phase, exhibiting concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 6.0 (×10³) µg g⁻¹. Relative to the other heavy metals, manganese was distributed in lower proportions in the residual sediment fraction. High concentrations of Pb were observed in the oxidizable phase from most of the sampling sites along the lake shore. Zinc was distributed largely in the oxidizable phase, being highest at sampling site SS, which was located near a municipal sewage input to the lake. The sediments collected at the sampling sites located in the deep portion of the lake exhibited the highest concentrations of labile heavy metals.     

草海流域水质时空分布特征及污染评价

为揭示草海流域水质的空间分布特征,对草海不同断面空间水体进行布点采样,参照《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)对水体主要污染指标进行检测,采用单因子污染指数法对草海水质进行了评价,探究草海水体污染物源以及变化规律。结果表明:草海丰水期DO、COD_Mn、COD_Cr、TP较枯水期高,其余的污染指标也表现为枯水期较好;水质指标总体上在码头通往湖中心方向的这段水域表现最差;COD_Mn和TP对草海水质产生的影响较大,超标指标主要为COD_Mn和COD_Cr;草海码头和草海出口处的水域的水质污染较重,其余水质相对较好。草海各断面空间的水质类别总体上在Ⅳ—Ⅴ类之间。草海流域应着力Ⅳ类水域治理,扩大Ⅲ类水域占比,从而缩减Ⅴ类水域,这对改善草海流域水质具有重要意义。研究成果可为草海流域污染防治及合理开发提供理论依据。     

近10年来洞庭湖区水面面积变化遥感监测分析

以Terra/MODIS 8d合成的250m地表反射率数据产品MOD09Q1(MODIS Terra Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 250m)为主要数据源,采用多源信息水面提取的方法对2000年3月—2008年12月间洞庭湖区水面面积的变化特征和趋势进行了监测分析。分析结果显示:(1)洞庭湖区水面变化的季节性特征显著,其中枯水期11月—次年4月份间的湖区水面相对较小,基本在500km2左右,而洪水期5—10月份的水面则相对较大,尤其每年的7—9月份最大,维持在2000km2左右,两者几乎相差了4倍;(2)受气候变化与三峡工程初期运行等因素的共同影响,洞庭湖区水域面积总体上呈现出一定程度的下降趋势;(3)通过流域年降水量变化分析和三峡水库蓄水运行前后松滋、太平和藕池三口年径流量变化对比,发现流域内降水带来的入湖水量偏少是近年来洞庭湖区水面面积减小的主要驱动因子;(4)近年来9、10月份洞庭湖流域降水减少与三峡水库汛末蓄水同期,将共同造就最终入湖水量锐减,加重湖区夏秋连旱程度,进而诱发系列生态安全问题。     

Satellite-Tracked Current Drifters in Lake Michigan

Satellite-tracked current drifters are being used to monitor near-surface currents in Lake Michigan. These drifters are now commercially available, and preliminary tests show their satellite-determined positions to be within 0.5 km. The drifters appear to be ideal for monitoring near-surface lake currents and testing hydrodynamic lake models.     

Coupled modelling of storm surge,circulation and surface waves in a large stratified lake

The wind-driven nature of large lakes suggests that the accuracy of meteorological inputs is essential for hydrodynamic modelling. Moreover, coupling between the meteorological inputs and density stratification may also influence the simulated lake behavior. To investigate wind-driven large lake processes, a high-resolution coupled Delft3D-SWAN model was applied to Lake Ontario to simulate storm surges, surface waves, and circulation during two recent storm events. In both events, the sustained wind speeds approached 20 m s^?1; however, variations in wind direction and duration altered the lake's surface wave and storm surge responses. The influence of different atmospheric inputs was investigated by comparing results from two spatially varied atmospheric models: the Rapid Refresh (RAP) and the High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS). Hydrodynamic simulations using HRDPS were marginally better, with maximum root mean squared errors (RMSE) between modelled and observed water levels of 0.07 m, compared to 0.08 m with RAP. Predictions of the magnitude and timing of the maximum wave heights varied based on wind fields, with differences between predicted peak wave heights of up to 0.4 m. Both events occurred during a stratified period, allowing for a comparative evaluation of the influence of baroclinic and barotropic processes on the simulated surface wave and storm surge results. Simulations including the vertical density gradient gave a better representation of current velocities with depth and resulted in an improved prediction of peak storm surge magnitudes and surface water level behavior following the storms, reducing the RMSE by up to 12%.     

鄱阳湖湿地适宜生态需水位研究——以星子站水位为例

根据鄱阳湖水位频变的实际情况,以星子站水位为例,利用生态水文法对鄱阳湖湿地的适宜生态需水位进行了研究.通过分析1953—1973年、1956—2000年、2006—2010年期间鄱阳湖水位和一些代表物种如白鹤和芦苇的生长、分布及变化规律,表明(1)针对鄱阳湖湿地水位剧烈变化的特征,将适宜水位分为枯水期和丰水期两个时段进行研究更为合理;(2)在丰水期以12～15 m作为适宜水位,枯水期以11～14 m作为适宜水位,作为关键时段的4月和10月适宜水位一定要得到保证;(3)水位条件变化虽然不能从根本上改变鄱阳湖湿地植物的带状分布,但水位变化直接决定各种物种的数量及生物量.     

水利工程群对洞庭湖城陵矶特征水位的综合影响

基于1956-2020年洞庭湖城陵矶水文站的实测水文数据,运用Mann-Kendall检验法分析水利工程群影响下洞庭湖湖口城陵矶特征水位的时序演变特征。结果表明：城陵矶年特征水位呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05)。与时段1相比,时段2、3、4的年均水位分别抬升了0.68、1.04、1.61 m,年最高水位分别抬升了0.35、1.14、1.78 m,时段5的年均水位、年最高水位分别下降至24.97、30.50 m,年最低水位逐期抬升(18.09、18.84、19.32、20.26、20.87 m);城陵矶水位存在“涨-丰-退-枯”4个水文期,涨水期最高水位抬升了2 m以上,丰水期平均水位和最高水位在前4个时段抬升后,于第5时段分别回落至28.69、30.42 m,退水期平均水位和最高水位呈波动变化,最低水位在后4个时段逐期下降,枯水期平均水位和最低水位逐期抬升,时段5的特征水位抬升了2 m以上;水利工程群对城陵矶特征水位的影响在各典型年表现出不同的特征,三峡水库蓄水后,城陵矶特征水位在丰水年丰、枯水期下降,在平水年丰水期抬升、枯水期下降,而在枯水年丰水期下降、枯水期抬升。