大型(变)电站电气主接线可靠性综合分析系统

在综合电力系统可靠性原理及数据库技术的基础上，开发了大型电站电气主接线可靠性评估系统。该系统基于统一n+2状态Markov模型，可对电站电气主接线的充裕性指标、安全性指标和经济性指标进行计算，并能实现系统可靠性指标对元件可靠性参数的敏感度分析。该系统具有查询、计算和分析等功能，可为电站的建设、运行和规划提供重要的量化决策依据。简要介绍了该系统的特点以及系统结构和功能设计。该系统的相关成果已在三峡电站、溪洛渡电站、向家坝电站和安顺500 kV变电站等大量工程实际中得到应用，具有良好的工程实用价值。     

Interrelation Between the Accuracy of Prediction and Irregularity of Electric Energy Demand Curves

Results of a study of the dependence of the accuracy of prediction on daily and seasonal irregularity of demand curves are described. It is shown that in power systems characterized by high irregularity of the curves errors are the highest, which lowers the competitiveness of the systems in the power market. The interrelation between the irregularity of demand curves and the accuracy of predictions can be simulated by regression equations. Prediction results are the most accurate when specially developed mathematical models allowing for meteorological factors are used. The study has been performed with the help of “Energostat” software employed by power systems of Russia. __________ Translated from Elektricheskie Stantsii, No. 5, May 2005, pp. 64 – 67.     

SJ-500型LCU在十三陵抽水蓄能电厂数据采集中的应用

介绍了SJ-500型现地控制单元（LCU）的功能特点及其在十三陵抽水蓄能电厂数据采集中的应用，提出了改造的关键技术问题，分析对比了LCU改造前后的运行效果，阐述了为保证改造成功所采用的几项重要技术措施，包括:为系统增加软件功能和硬件储备;采用新型直流供电电源;开发新的通信程序;将通信回路由原来的串口经长线收发器通信改为光缆通信，以提高传输回路可靠性等。最后，根据2年多的运行使用情况，介绍了经验与体会。     

Experience in the commercial operation of the pilot asynchronized turbogenerator T3FA-110 at cogeneration plant-22 (TÉTs-22) of the Mosénergo Company

Results of commercial operation of a world pioneer asynchronized turbogenerator T3FA-110 with a capacity of 11 MW and full air cooling at a cogeneration plant are presented. The turbogenerator developed jointly by the Electric Power Research Institute and the élektrosila Company differs from traditional synchronous generators by the presence on the rotor of two mutually orthogonal windings, a two-channel reverse thyristor excitation system, and a special control system. The special features of design and control allow such generators to operate in the modes of both production and high consumption of reactive power at normal static and dynamic stability. This widens the range of regulation of the voltage level in the connected electric network and makes it possible to bring parallel-connected synchronous generators to optimum operation conditions. The generator can work without excitation for a long time at 70% load. Commercial operation of the pilot T3FA-110 turbogenerator started in December 2003 at TéTs-22 of the Mosénergo Company and has proved its full correspondence to the design engineering parameters. A program of wide use of such turbogenerators in the United Power System of Russia (RAO “EéS Rossii” Co.) has been developed. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2005, pp. 2–5.     

模拟电厂实训系统的开发与应用

介绍了模拟电厂的设计思路、软硬件构成、工作原理与特点,以及模拟电厂实验室已经开发出的实验、实训项目。由于模拟电厂逼真地模拟了现代中小型水电站计算机监控系统各种屏柜的功能,可以满足大专院校电力(电气)专业学生日常教学实际训练和电站电气运行人员各种仿真培训,如正常操作训练、事故预想、分析及处理培训等。为满足实验和培训管理、考核的需要,还开发了实验和培训管理程序。模拟电厂运行以来,已经为运行单位和在校学生开出实验,取得了较好的效果。     

黑河电网水电站自动发电控制的实现

介绍了黑河电网水电站自动发电控制的实现原理、与监控系统的接口方式、功能以及软件的考虑因素。开发的水电站调度主站实现了对黑河电网中水电机组有功出力的自动调节，这对黑河电网提高计划购电合格率、提高经济效益、减轻电网调度人员的劳动强度、提高自动化水平具有重要意义。     

西洱河梯级水电站EDC的研究和应用分析

基于实用的梯级水电站优化运行原则，提出了一种新的针对中小型梯级水电站的经济调度控制（EDC）数学模型，并给出了该模型的工程化求解算法。较为详细地分析了西洱河梯级水电站EDC工程应用中的问题及解决对策。西洱河梯级水电站EDC成功投运1年多来，已取得了良好的经济效益。     

Increasing the efficiency of the power stations of JSC “Mosénergo”

The work of the JSC“All-Russian Institute of Thermal Technology (JSC “VTI”) on electrical power stations of the “Mosénergo” power system is described. Two vital questions have arisen in the course of this work: ensuring the functionality and reliable operation of equipment which has outlived its design lifetime and refitting the power stations to enhance their performance, reduce their environmental impact, and improve their operational characteristics in accord with the demands of the 21^st century. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2007, pp. 73–78.     

Intensification of 330/400 kV power transmission in the back-to-back project connecting Russia and Finland

It is shown that the fourth converter unit with a capacity of 350 MW commissioned in 2000 at the Vyborg back-to-back direct-current converter station connecting the power systems of Russia and Finland increased the total installed power of the converter units to 1400 MW. The circuitry of the converter station and its connections permits two independent transmissions through the Vyborg substation with mutual redundancy and with allowance for the requirements of the receiving power system with respect to the maximum power of each transmission. Normal and emergency operating conditions are described. Difficulties encountered in the course of the work and measures taken for their elimination are discussed.Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 10, October 2004, pp. 50–55.     

The adaptive integrated data information system (AIDIS) for global water research

Global research programs related to river basin water resources have at least two things in common: (1) they assess and model hydrological process dynamics on a macro scale and (2) research partners jointly working on such research issues are internationally distributed in different institutions. These prerequisites require a sophisticated and scale bridging data assessment and information management comprising geo-referenced distributed data components, measured or simulated time series, and socio-economic information. Networking such international research structures by means of the internet pose new challenges to Geoinformatics in respect to the design of a Web based distributed database system, metadata and GIS-information management, geo-referenced data query and visualization. Such data management must include powerful and efficient data exchanging software tools and information sharing policies to ensure that decision making can jointly be done on the base of the best information available. Geoinformation includes raster and vector GIS coverages, measured process time series data and associated metadata. Furthermore there are needs to integrate multidisciplinary information and research knowledge related to IWRM comprising information obtained by remote sensing, GIS analysis, modeling, and socio-economic assessments for vulnerability and mitigation. Addressing these challenges and to cope with such data organization and management tasks the Adaptive Integrated Data Information System (AIDIS) has been developed by the DGHM at the FSU-Jena. It is based on open source software (OSS) and a multi tier class hierarchy structure. AIDIS has implemented the full ISO 19115 metadata model, and enhances its structure if required e.g. for time series or documents. A first prototype was developed for the Challenge Program ‘Water and Food’ (CPWF) of the CGIAR and has been improved and refined for the Tisza River basin within the ‘Tisza River’ EU-project comprising at present about one hundred GIS maps and more than 5000 measured and simulated time series.     

自动转换开关电器(A丁SE )在佑岸拉稿水电站 厂用电系统设计中的应用

根据水电站对厂用电备自投装置的控制及保护功能要求,介绍了佑岸拉稿水电站厂用电系统设计方案和自动转换开关电器(ATSE)的工作原理及结构特点,提出自动转换开关电器(ATSE)在厂用电备自投中的选型和试验方法,建议在中小型水电站设计及技术改造中优先采用。     

Ranking Irrigation Planning Alternatives Using Data Envelopment Analysis

Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a Multicriterion Decision Making (MCDM) methodology is tested for Sri Ram Sagar Project, Andhra Pradesh, India to select the suitable irrigation planning alternative. Three different criterion functions of DEA, namely minimizing deviation variable D_j (Min,D_Dj), minimizing maximum deviation (Minmax), and minimizing the sum of deviations ∑D_j (Minsum) are applied for the same DEA constraint set. These criterion functions are evaluated under the framework of Multi Objective Linear Programming (MOLP). Highest efficiency rated irrigation planning alternative is chosen to be the best for each of the above criterion functions. The results are compared with those obtained by discrete MCDM methods, PROMETHEE and EXPROM. It is found that ranks obtained by DEA are reasonably close to those obtained by the above mentioned MCDM methods, PROMETHEE and EXPROM.     

Automatic system for regulating the frequency and power of the 500 MW coal-dust power generating units at the Reftinskaya GRÉS

The monitoring and control systems at the 500 MW coal-dust power generating units No. 7, 8, and 9 at the Reftinskaya GRéS have been modernized using information-regulator systems. Layouts for instrumental construction of these systems and expanded algorithmic schemes for the automatic frequency and power control system and for the boiler supply and fuelling are discussed. Results from tests and normal operation of the automatic frequency and power control system are presented. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, February 2009, No. 2, pp. 47–53.     

H9000系统仿真RTU的应用

H9000系统是具有90年代国际先进水平的开放式分布型新一代计算机监控系统，它已被广泛地应用于水电站、泵站和水调自动化领域。基于H9000系统平台开发出的仿真RTU功能软件包能仿真和模拟调度通讯RTU装置的全部功能，可以完全替代现场调度通讯RTU装置，为老厂改造和新建电厂的调度通讯提供了新的实现方法，为简化电站系统设备、节约工程投资创造了条件。本文首先介绍了H9000计算机监控系统仿真RTU功能软件的开发背景和应用情况，然后针对仿真RTU的主要功能和特点做了简要描述。     

Blending science and public policies for remediation of a degraded ecosystem: Jackfish Bay, north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada

The Jackfish Bay Remedial Action Plan is the first of Lake Superior's Areas of Concern (AOCs) to consider recognition as an Area in Recovery (AiR). As a result of a high degree of complexity and uncertainty, ecosystem recovery in Jackfish Bay has been determined using a combination of regulatory policies and scientific evidence and extensive public and expert-based decision making. As a result, the conceptualization of the AiR status in Jackfish Bay has been developed with the adaptive management and the ecosystem approach, which provide the basic principles of assessing, monitoring, and managing the Area of Concern. To determine the status of beneficial use impairments caused by effluent from the Terrace Bay Pulp Inc., three public advisory committees—an academic panel of experts, a government technical review committee, and the Jackfish Bay Public Area in Recovery Review Committee (PARRC)—reviewed relevant scientific data and documents, including peer-reviewed publications, to assess changes in pollution levels in Jackfish Bay and improvements to aquatic, biotic, and benthic environments of the bay. The public decision-making process concluded with recommendations by the PARRC to develop a systematic monitoring program so that the ecosystem recovery process in the bay could be assessed on a continued basis, leading to its eventual delisting as an AOC. The entire process provides an example of blending science and public policies for remediation of a degraded ecosystem on the Great Lakes.     

Another Look at Z-transform Technique for Deriving Unit Impulse Response Function

This paper presents a technique to derive the unit impulse response functions (UIRF) used for determination of unit hydrograph by employing the Z-transform technique to the response function derived from the Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) process of order (p, q). The proposed approach was applied to reproduce direct surface runoff for single storm event data registered over four watersheds of area ranging from 0.42 to 295 km². It is observed that the UIRF based on ARMA (1, 2) and ARMA (2, 2) provides a better representation of the watershed response. Further, to test the superiority of the developed impulse response function form ARMA process, the direct runoff hydrographs were computed using the simple ARMA process and optimized Nash’s two parameter model and compared with the results obtained from UIRF’s of ARMA model. The performance of the models based on the graphical presentation as well as from the test statistics viz. RMSE and MAPE indicates that UIRF-ARMA (p, q) performs better than optimized Nash Model and mostly similar to simple ARMA (p,q) model. Further more, the ARMA process of order p ≤ 2 and q ≤ 2 is generally sufficient and less cumbersome than the Argand diagram based approach for UIRF derivation.     

电力体制改革及中国三峡总公司的对策

国务院于2002年2月正式颁布电力体制改革方案。启动以市场化为导向的电力体制改革,在此背景下,中国三峡总公司面临机遇和挑战。总体看来,机遇大于挑战,采取正确的应对措施,就能发挥优势,充分利用外部机遇获得发展。     

三峡与葛洲坝两电站联合运行的发电调度

三峡、葛洲坝两座大型水力发电站相距仅38km，其调度要兼顾长江防洪、航运、梯级发电效益和电网安全等多项要求。为了正确发挥两个枢纽的作用，根据长江水利委员会的设计，三峡总公司与国家电网公司通过充分协商，成立了三峡梯级调度中心，承担其防洪、发电、通航的协调调度职能。国调通过三峡梯调调度到厂站的母线，梯调统一调度到机组。三峡梯调在重新建立了一套水情自动化系统和梯级发电调度计算机监控系统的基础上，开发了决策支持系统和梯级发电调度自动化控制程序。     

某300 MW机组水轮机调节系统参数实测及建模分析

为提高电力系统稳定分析计算的准确性和电网调度对试验机组生产调度的科学性,对某300 MW混流式水电机组进行水轮机调节系统控制参数测试和建模分析。以试验机组水力机械特性和调速系统实际控制逻辑为依据,兼顾调节控制的死区、限幅、延时、非线性函数等因素导致的非线性特性和仿真计算的方便简约性,在MatLab/Simulink中对水轮机调节系统的电气控制、液压系统和原动机3个环节进行建模;针对原动机环节分别建立了电力系统分析综合程序通用模型和自定义模型;对模型参数进行了现场实测和仿真辨识,并对电力系统分析综合程序通用模型和自定义模型进行比较分析。结果表明自定义模型参数能更好地反映机组设备本身的动态响应特性。该模型的建立为水电机组电力稳定计算分析领域的完善和发展提供了参考。     

Application of a fuzzy algorithm for pH control in a struvite crystallisation reactor.

A struvite crystallisation process is highly dependent on pH. To achieve a high phosphorus recovery as struvite it is important to have an accurate control of pH in the reactor. The high non-linear response of pH value makes manual pH control difficult. Therefore, a software based on fuzzy logic control (FLC) has been developed to maintain the pH at a set value in a stirred reactor to crystallise struvite. The FLC developed has been based on Larsen's inference. In order to confirm the improvement of the pH stability using FLC software, different experiments have been carried out with manual control of the pH value, and with the FLC software. It has been demonstrated that using FLC software allows a precise control of pH with high stability, optimises the process, and minimises the operator intervention.