遗传神经网络在二维潮流特性模拟中的应用

本文将水动力学模型与遗传神经网络方法结合，对深圳湾生态敏感点潮流的实时变化特性进行了预测。利用人工神经网络得出的模拟结果与经过实测资料验证的海湾二维潮流模型的模拟结果十分吻合，从而说明了将遗传神经网络用于二维潮流运动特征模拟的可行性。     

海湾潮流运动的三维数值模拟研究

针对平面二维数学模型在预测分层流等方面的不足,考虑到海湾岸线和海底地形的复杂性,采用非结构网格上的有限体积法建立了海湾潮流运动的三维数学模型。模型垂向采用σ坐标,动量方程求解考虑地球自转科氏力。数学模型求解采用显式差分技术,采用CFL数作为迭代计算的收敛控制条件。以深圳大鹏湾为例,采用三维数学模型计算了典型大潮、小潮条件下的水动力场。对不同潮型下的潮流流速、流向进行了验证,对湾内的潮流流场进行了分析。结果表明:三维数值计算结果和实测数据符合较好,证实了三维数学模型的可靠性。     

河道溢油污染事故二维数值模型研究

为了研究内河船舶事故溢油的运动规律,在二维水动力、风场模型基础上,分别采用油粒子模型理论,建立了适合内陆狭长型河道溢油事故模拟的二维数值模型。在假定工况条件下,将模型应用于长江、汉江武汉段典型溢油事故的模拟研究。模拟结果表明模型较好地反映了风场、流场、复杂地形条件等对河道溢油扩展和漂移运动的影响规律,模拟结果可为河道突发性溢油污染事故预报和应急处理提供技术支持。     

黄河河口水沙运动的二维数学模型

本文针对黄河河口河道水沙潮波的特点，从水流连续方程、运动方程，泥沙运动方程出发，补充了潮流挟沙能力的计算公式，建立了黄河河道河口二维数学模型。以1982年实测资料，从潮位过程、流速大小和方向及海底冲淤变形等方面对数学模型进行了验证计算。在此基础上开展了典型水沙条件下黄河河口泥沙运动规律的模拟研究。其结果揭示了黄河河口清水沟所处海域的潮流潮汐特性和泥沙输移规律。这些成果与实测资料以及卫星遥感分析结果一致，进一步表明了模型的可靠性。     

用人工神经网络反演扩散波方程

本文通过对人工神经网络与传统扩散波洪水演算方法的一致性研究，提出利用神经网络反演线性扩散波模型的方法，探索从一种新的角度研究洪水波运动传播特性的途径。本文利用断面实测洪水流量资料，应用神经网络对其进行训练，根据网络连接权值辨识扩散波方程的参数，并依据扩散波差分方程预测河道下游断面的流量过程。应用实例表明该方法的模拟精度满足要求，模拟效果良好。说明采用神经网络方法辨识出的扩散波模型能较好地描述洪水波的运动规律，而且，这将极大地扩展人们研究洪水波传播规律的手段和方法。     

小波神经网络在柴河水库坝基渗流量预测中的应用

小波神经网络是基于小波变换与人工神经网络的一种前馈型神经网络.文中将小渡神经网络模型应用于柴河水库右坝段坝基渗流量的预测,利用实测资料对其模拟计算结果进行检验.通过与BP神经网络模型的预测结果比较,证明小波网络模型的收敛速度更快、预测精度更高.     

人工神经网络在黄河下游灌区的应用研究

人工神经网络误差反传前馈网络(BP神经网络)在水科学领域应用最为广泛。运用BP神经网络对黄河下游引黄水量进行了预测，采用1983—1992年资料建立了引水量与降水量、灌溉面积、灌溉定额的多元线性回归模型，对计算的引黄水量进行比较。结果表明，BP法精度明显高于线性回归法。     

金沙江干流山区水库通航流态三维数值模拟研究

采用三维水动力学模型,借助非结构网格重构地形,开展了金沙江干流山区水库通航流态的数值模拟研究。以攀枝花河段为例,选取不同的来流条件进行了模拟,重点关注了水深、流速、平面流场和典型弯道的环流结构等水动力学特性,进一步对河段可能的碍航点进行了分析。计算结果表明:在一定的出流边界条件下,河道水深整体呈沿程递增趋势,基本可满足三级航道标准;同时某些流量级下,局部卡口、突扩和弯道河段可能出现碍航流态。研究结果可为金沙江梯级水库群联合调度提供技术参考。     

基于前馈网络的柔性材料配比模型的研究

 在三峡二期围堰防渗心墙柔性材料配合比及其特性研究中，利用多层前馈网络建立了柔性材料配合比与力学参数(强度、弹模)之间关系的MLP模型，并据此得到了一系列不同配合比组合下的强度和模强比的图谱。复核试验结果表明，用人工神经网络技术建立的柔性材料模型简明直观且精度较高，对工程实践具有指导意义。     

MATLAB神经网络在节制闸水位模拟中的应用

苏南河网地区内河纵横交错，水流特性复杂，为克服节制闸水位自动测报中的误差，采取MATLAB人工神经网络模型方法进行水位模拟，以提高水位预报精度。介绍了MATLAB神经网络工具箱的应用方法，并以苏南某地3个典型节制闸水位测报为例，给出了网络模拟过程及结果。应用情况表明，模型模拟效果较好，其算法容易掌握，方便在基层业务工作中应用。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。