EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERLAND FLOW WITH GEOCELL

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with a geocell slope are different from those of traditional flows because of its special structure. In this paper,a hydraulic flume with different slope gradients is used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with geocell. The differences of flow characteristics between the overland flow with the geocell slope and the traditional flows are studied, and the hydrodynamic characteristics are obtained, including the flow pattern, the flow velocity and the hydraulic friction factor for the slope flow with geocell under different flow rates and slope gradients. The results show that there is a positive power function relationship between the rill depth of the slope surface (h) and the drag coefficient of the Darcy Weisbach (f).There is a positive logarithmic function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Reynolds number Red,and there is a negative power function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Froude number Fr.     

工程开挖面水土流失特征试验研究

针对生产建设过程中工程开挖引发严重的水土流失问题,通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究了不同开挖坡度(30°,40°,50°)坡面产流、产沙特征。结果表明:坡度、雨强均能对开挖面产流、产沙过程造成重大影响,随着坡度增大,不同雨强(0.65,1.15,1.65 mm/min)下开挖面产流、产沙参数值增大,产流率介于0.47～0.72 mm/min之间,径流系数介于0.39～0.63之间;产沙率介于8.64～49.80 g/(m²·min)之间,径流含沙量介于17.27～77.64 kg/m³之间;但在相同坡度下,随着降雨强度的增大,产流、产沙参数值的变化存在差异。产流率随雨强增大而增大,径流系数的中(1.15 mm/min)、高(1.65 mm/min)雨强无明显差异。坡度30°的开挖面产沙率随雨强的增大而增大,坡度增大时,中、高雨强坡面产沙率接近;50°开挖面产沙率和径流含沙量在3个雨强下呈高-低-高势。试验成果为开挖面水土流失的预测、评价提供数据支撑,同时也为生产建设项目水土流失防治及水土保持监督执法提供科学依据。     

坡面流阻力规律试验研究

通过实验室人工隆雨水槽试验，初步研究了坡面浅层均匀流及由降雨形成的浅层沿程变量流的流动阻力规律，根据试验中观察到的物理现象及对实测资料的分析，进一步明确了坡面浅层水汉与一般明渠流水力特性的差别，揭示了降雨、坡度和表面粗糙度对浅层流流动特性的影响，提出了“伪层流”的概念，根据实测资料建立了不同流区的Ｄarcy-Weisbach阻力参数f的定量关系式，研究成果可用于坡面流汇流计算及土壤侵蚀、产沙模拟等生产实践。     

Numerical modeling of flow and scouring around a cofferdam

When planning river hydraulic structures, the analysis of the hydrodynamic and bed elevation change is of great importance, particularly the assessment of the scour depth around a cofferdam. In this study, the flow field variation and the corresponding scour depth was simulated using two-dimensional hydrodynamic analysis and a bed-load transport model. The hydrodynamic model used the streamlined upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element scheme to solve the Reynolds-averaged turbulent flow equations. Based on the results of flow field analysis, the bed-load transport model was able to simulate the scour hole development, where it was shown that velocity gradients dramatically increase due to the existence of hydraulic structures. The applicability of the model was tested by simulating the velocity field and bed elevation changes around the cofferdam constructed during the Lock and Dam No. 26 replacement project in the Mississippi River. The model created in this study is able to estimate the maximum scour depth, determine the configuration of the cofferdam to suggest changes to reduce any local scour, and suggest if protection materials around the cofferdam are needed.     

坡面径流阻力计算模式对比研究

坡面流是污染物迁移、土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移的主要动力因素,阻力系数是影响坡面流模拟的重要参数。为比较三种阻力计算模式(阻力系数为常数、以淹没度为变量的Lawrence模型和阻力分割模型)在裸坡、砾石覆盖坡面、植被覆盖坡面三种常见坡面上的适用程度,本文建立了坡面降雨径流模型,对不同类型坡面的产流进行了模拟。坡面径流模型采用扩散波模型,坡面降雨入渗模型采用考虑坡度影响的Green-Ampt模型,当存在植被时,考虑冠层降雨截留损失。结果表明:在裸坡上,三种阻力计算模式均适用;而在有砾石覆盖和植被覆盖的坡面上,考虑阻力系数时空变化的阻力分割模型模拟精度最高。阻力系数对坡面径流流量的影响在坡面汇流的涨水与退水阶段较大,而在稳定阶段很小。对有植被覆盖坡面,降雨强度存在阈值,大于阈值时,不同阻力模式对坡面流模拟结果影响甚微;反之,需选择合适的阻力计算模式,且坡长越长,坡度越缓,降雨强度阈值越大。     

底坡变化对坡面流水动力学特性影响研究

坡度是影响坡面流水动力学特性的重要因素之一,采用变坡试验水槽在变化水深条件下模拟坡面流,用于研究7种不同坡度对水动力学特性的影响。结果表明:水力坡度、弗劳德数、雷诺数随坡度增大而增大,阻力系数随坡度增大先增大后减小;在相同坡度条件下,弗劳德数随水深增大先减小后趋于稳定,雷诺数随水深增大而增大;当0≤J≤1.5%时,水力坡度随水深增大先减小后趋于稳定;当2%≤J≤3%时,水力坡度随水深增大先基本不变后减小。     

紫色土坡面壤中流形成与坡面侵蚀产沙关系试验研究

 采用人工模拟降雨法,在长5.0 m、宽1.5 m、6个不同坡度（10°,15°,20°,25°,30°,35°）的径流小区上,通过3个不同降雨强度（1.0,1.5,1.8 mm/min）,对紫色土坡面产流形式及侵蚀产沙关系进行了模拟试验研究。结果表明：紫色土坡面总径流主要由地表径流和壤中流两种形式组成,地表径流和壤中流在总降雨量中的比例随雨强和坡度的不同而发生变化,在相同坡度情况下,壤中流占总降雨量的比例随雨强的减小而增大,在雨强相似的条件下,壤中流占总降雨量的比例随坡度的增大而增大。普遍存在的壤中流在土壤侵蚀尤其是重力侵蚀中起到了相当重要的促发作用,甚至由壤中流促发的侵蚀量要远远高于片蚀、沟蚀等坡面侵蚀形式,这与以往研究表明的长江流域坡面侵蚀以面蚀为主的结论有所不同。     

施加聚丙烯酰胺后坡长对侵蚀产沙过程的影响

坡长是影响坡面径流和水流侵蚀产沙的重要地貌因素之一。本研究通过一系列人工模拟降雨，研究了在不同条件下坡长对侵蚀产沙过程的影响。试验中测取了3种雨强（50mm/h、100mm/h、150mm/h）、4种坡度（5°、10°、20°、25°）、4种当量坡长（8m、16m、24m、40m）和5种地表处理（对照、麦草覆盖和3种聚丙烯酰胺覆盖度）的产流和产沙量。试验结果表明，不同的雨强、地表处理和坡度下，坡长对侵蚀产沙过程的影响也不同。     

A Modified Hortonian Overland Flow Model Based on Laboratory Experiments

Overland flow, which is examined here, is an important hydrological response to storms of a catchment. And it is also a main component of hillslope hydrology. Through controlling of rainfall intensities and changing of artificial slope angles, 49 overland flow hydrographs are obtained from rainfall-runoff simulation experiments conducted on a manmade hillside. Based on the measured overland flow processes, the relationship between the average water depth on the hillslope and that at the outlet, which is nearly a quadratic curve, is obtained. The relationship is different from the assumption, in which the average water depth on the hillslope is equal to that at the outlet, proposed by Horton. Finally, a regression equation is also presented, which provides both the theoretical and experimental basis to modify the time delay of peak flow for a distributed rainfall-runoff modeling.     

坡面汇流的试验研究

本文根据大量的室内模拟降雨汇流试验，分析了降雨强度、雨型、坡面形状、坡度及粗糙度等因素对坡面汇流的影响。着重探讨了雨强与洪峰流量及汇流时间的关系、雨型对洪峰流量的影响规律等问题，对坡面汇流的理论研究及小流域的径流计算都具有现实的意义。     

Overland flow computation with the characteristics method for a kinematic catchment model

This paper computes the depth profile and hydrograph for an overland flow on a slope under fixed rainfall intensity. The kinematic wave equation is used as the governing equation and solved by the method of characteristics. The excess rainfall required for the computation is obtained from Horton's infiltration rate equation. Though solutions of this approach are not exact, it has an advantage over the finite-difference numerical technique due to its simplicity. To demonstrate the ability of this approach, examples for depth profile and hydrograph are given for the rising and falling limbs of a storm rainfall.     

牧草对坡面侵蚀动力参数的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验，研究了不同盖度草地与裸地坡面的产流产沙过程与坡面流水动力学特性。试验结果表明，与裸地坡面相比，草地坡面的含沙量、平均输沙率、径流量以及坡面流速均有不同程度的降低。草地坡面的平均输沙率及坡面流速随草地盖度的增大而减小，而盖度对草地坡面径流量的影响则不明显。裸地坡面的输沙率随降雨历时呈高一低一高变化，而草地坡面的输沙率则随降雨历时呈幂函数递减。试验中坡面径流的弗劳德Fr数和雷诺Re数均属层流的缓流范畴。草地坡面的Darcv-weisbach和曼宁阻力系数随草地盖度的增大而增大，其值均大于裸地坡面相应的阻力系数。     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀中的水流阻力规律研究

运用原型模拟径流冲刷实验，研究了黄土坡面侵蚀过程水流阻力的变化规律。坡度的这种作用在很大程度上是通过径流刷形成的侵蚀形态特征不同来体现的。     

模拟降雨条件下开挖面土壤侵蚀测算模型研究

为科学治理工程开挖坡面水土流失问题,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验,设计了5种雨强(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和3种坡度(10°,20°,30°),系统分析了不同情景下雨强、坡度、径流率、径流流速、水流剪切力及水流功率同坡面剥蚀率之间的关系。结果表明:工程开挖坡面剥蚀率Di与坡度S相关性不显著(p 0.05),与雨强I、坡度和雨强的交互作用(I×S)呈极显著相关(p 0.01);采用3种常用的细沟间侵蚀模型来计算工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,幂函数型坡度因子指标更适用于工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率的计算;采用径流流速、水流剪切力和水流功率为代表的水动力学参数来计算土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,水流功率是描述其细沟间侵蚀动力过程的最理想水力参数。研究成果可为建立工程开挖坡面水土流失量预测模型提供技术参数和依据。     

并线桥墩局部冲刷试验研究

针对并线桥墩在多沙河流上的局部冲刷问题,采用1:100正态模型水槽对桥梁平面正交在不同形状、上下游不同桥梁间距的桥墩布置进行了系列试验研究,对上下游桥墩在不同水流强度、不同桥梁间距条件下的局部冲刷过程进行系统观测和分析。结果表明,桥墩并线时,桥墩周围水流流态较为复杂,受上游墩阻水绕流影响,下游墩周围水流紊动强度减小,流速减弱。当上下游桥墩距离较近时,上下游桥墩局部冲刷坑深度均小于相应单独桥墩,下游桥墩冲深小于上游桥墩冲深,这种差异随桥梁间距的增大而逐步减弱。随着水流强度及桥墩尺度的增大,下游桥墩不受上游桥墩影响的距离相应增大,当流速为2 m/s、墩径为2~8 m时,其影响距离约为350~660 m。     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

An Approximately Semi-Analytical Model for Describing Surface Runoff of Rainwater Over Sloped Land

Accurate prediction of surface runoff is critical to watershed management. In this research a semi-analytical model was adopted to solve the kinematic wave equation based on the assumption that the rate of overland-flow depth change is proportional to the rainfall excess. Simulations were compared with the results from laboratory experiments at various rain intensities. Parameters of infiltration rate and Manning’s roughness coefficient were determined. The accuracy of the semi-analytical model was evaluated by numerical simulations. The predicted outflow rates from the numerical simulations agreed well with the observed data. Further, our study indicated that the ratio (c) of the overland-flow depth change to the rainfall excess was a power function of the rain intensity. The depth and velocity of water flow at any time and distance could be calculated with the semi-analytical model. Hydraulic parameters including Reynolds number, Froude number, hydraulic shear stress, stream power and Darcy-Weisbach friction factor characterizing the dynamic features of overland flow of rainwater were calculated based on calculated overland-flow depth and velocity. The proposed analytical method can provide a new way to predict infiltration and runoff over sloped land.     

Relationship between soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland

The soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient are important hydraulic resistance characteristic parameters. Precisely estimating the hydraulic roughness coefficient is important to understanding mechanisms of overland flow. Four tillage practices, including cropland raking, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and straight slopes, were considered based on the local agricultural conditions to simulate different values of soil surface roughness in the Loess Plateau. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland using artificial rainfall simulation. On a slope with a gradient of 10°, a significant logarithmic function was developed between the soil surface roughness and Manning’s roughness coefficient, and an exponential function was derived to describe the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Reynolds number. On the slope with a gradient of 15°, a significant power function was developed to reflect the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Manning’s roughness coefficient, and a linear function was derived to relate the soil surface roughness to the Reynolds number. These findings can provide alternative ways to estimate the hydraulic roughness coefficient for different types of soil surface roughness.     

不同坡长下的坡面流水力学特性研究

坡面流亦即薄层水流,指的是降雨或融雪形成的,并在重力作用下沿坡面流动的薄层水流,它是地表径流的初始阶段,提供了侵蚀的主要动力。坡度相同、降雨强度相同时,随着坡长的增加,流速逐渐增大。在相同降雨强度下．坡长对流速有一定的影响,二者呈良好的指数关系;流量随坡长的增长而逐渐增大,二者呈良好的幂函数关系。2m水槽基本能够反映出坡面流的水力学参数的变化。随着坡长的增加,相同流速下,雷诺数逐渐增大．且增长速度亦逐渐增大。     

坡面薄层流的数值模拟及在坡面流侵蚀研究中的应用

本文依据坡面薄层水流的动力波方程，由水沙动力学原理出发建立坡面细沟流侵蚀过程的模拟方法。采用动力波模式(一维非恒定流方程组)计算了坡度变化时不同细沟宽度下的细沟沟内流速，根据数值计算得到了细沟流动的Re数，以及相同净雨强和坡长下能够使细沟流速达到最大的坡度。依据泥沙运动力学的原理分析了这些结果在坡面流侵蚀过程中的意义。模拟结果表明，细沟扩宽过程对坡度和坡面表土临界起动流速的变化十分敏感。当细沟扩宽侵蚀在小区片蚀中占主要成分时，小区的片蚀总量常表现出与坡度和表层土使用方式的明显关系。