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利用现代技术科学抗旱 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
我国是一个水旱灾害频繁的国家,从全国看,干旱缺水将是长期面临的一个问题,这是由我国自然气候特点和经济社会发展状况等因素决定的。作为一种普遍性的自然灾害,旱灾不仅会使农业受到损失,严重的还将影响到工业生产、城市供水和生态与环境。作为抗击干旱、应对水短缺的主要措施和最基本手段,水利工程在我国抗旱工作中发挥着关键性作用。与此同时,为增强抗旱工作的主动性,便于及时采取机动灵活的防御措施, 相似文献
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在对国内外干旱评估方法研究进行综述的基础上,指出干旱起因是降水偏少,但发展成灾,则有一个缓慢渐进过程,它不仅取决于降水、气温等气象条件,还与地形、土壤、作物等因素密切相关。考虑到旱灾的成因是多条件的,旱灾的影响和体现也是多方面的,只有结合干旱发展的各阶段,才能全面地认识和评估旱情。利用基于分布式水文模拟的干旱模型,在完整模拟干旱发生发展和结束过程的基础上,整合多种旱情指标,提出能反映干旱发展过程主要特征的旱情综合评估方法体系,并以长江上游川渝地区2006年严重干旱事件为例,开展了应用示例研究。 相似文献
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陕西省特殊的地理位置和气候条件,决定了"十年九旱"是基本省情,地处关中平原腹地的咸阳市干旱灾害更是频发,成为制约全市农业生产乃至经济社会发展的主要"瓶颈"之一。笔者通过对咸阳市抗旱减灾工作现状细致调查的基础上,提出了应对干旱灾害的对策和措施,对相似地区有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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受我国经济社会快速发展、城镇化进程加快和全球气候变化加剧的影响,我国受干旱灾害的影响日益加剧,近年来,为应对日益严重的旱灾,每年都会实施一批抗旱应急工程。通过分析抗旱应急工程的特点,结合项目管理理念,提出了针对抗旱应急工程区别于其他建设工程的关键环节的项目管理方法。 相似文献
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对我国干旱及旱灾问题的思考 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
我国干旱问题的易发性、持续性、广泛性和危害性,决定了解决干旱问题的复杂性和艰苦性,目前我国抵御干旱的能力还不够强,提高抗旱能力任重道远。在抗旱过程中,必须重视干旱对生态系统和环境的影响,促进人和自然的和谐共处。应对干旱是一项社会性工作。 相似文献
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受我国经济社会快速发展、城镇化进程加快和全球气候变化加剧的影响,我国受干旱灾害的影响日益加剧,近年来,为应对日益严重的旱灾,每年都会实施一批抗旱应急工程。通过分析抗旱应急工程的特点,结合项目管理理念,提出了针对抗旱应急工程区别于其他建设工程的关键环节的项目管理方法。 相似文献
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Chemeda Edossa Desalegn Mukand Singh Babel Ashim Das Gupta Bekele Awulachew Seleshi Douglas Merrey 《国际水资源开发杂志》2006,22(4):589-602
A survey was conducted in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia, to assess agricultural water management practices adopted by the farmers under drought conditions. The results show that on average drought prevails in the area once every two years and causes damage to both crops and livestock. Consequently, under such drought conditions, the farming communities have adopted various coping strategies and important among them are the sale of labour and sale of livestock and their products. The survey results also reveal that farmers in the rainfed agriculture areas practise mainly contour bunding to mitigate drought impacts. 相似文献
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Giuseppe Rossi 《国际水》2013,38(4):441-450
The European Water Framework Directive 2000/60 (WFD), does not appear fully adequate to address drought risk. A Group on Drought and Water Scarcity has developed some proposals to improve the strategy for coping with drought and water scarcity issues. The main proposal consists in supplementing the River Basin Management indicated by the WFD with a specific Drought Management (sub)Plan aimed at minimizing the negative drought impacts on the economy, society and the environment. Also a list of indicators to identify prolonged droughts which permit a temporary suspension of the requirements of good ecological status in water bodies has been proposed. Some specific recommendations that the EU should issue to national governments, are discussed. Several criteria are suggested to achieve an effective drought management strategy. 相似文献
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Toward Mapping Gridded Drought Indices to Evaluate Local Drought in a Rapidly Changing Global Environment 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Uncertain future climate, recent persistent droughts, and subsequent water conflicts increasingly threaten the sustainability of regional water resources in the United States. Climate change and ongoing water disputes brought about by changes in water availability and timing emphasize the need for decision makers to develop proactive adaptive management strategies to mitigate losses. Developing a drought management system equipped with advanced visualization settings is critical to lay out drought evolvement at local scales, yet an effort has not been made to evaluate how different spatial discretization can represent local drought as opposed to conventional drought monitoring. Gridded drought indices, including the standardized precipitation index (SPI), Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and Hydrologic drought index (HDI) at high-resolution spatial (12 km by 12 km) scales are demonstrated to provide useful insights to evaluate local drought possibly driven by a rapidly changing global environment. A new method for duration factors in PDSI is also discussed to better represent drought conditions over time and space. 相似文献
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加强水旱灾害管理的战略需求与治水方略的探讨 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
本文通过对现今防洪抗旱减灾形势的分析,总结了国外推进水旱灾害管理的主要特点与趋向,提出我国加强水旱灾害管理的战略需求,并从我国基本国情出发探讨了适应我国国情的治水方略.研究认为,我国的治水方略必须克服期望靠短期高投入一举消除水患的倾向,以及克服盲目照搬他国"最新理念"的倾向;在治水方略的制定与技术方案的选择上,必须因地制宜,既要遵循自然规律,也要顺应经济社会的发展规律.最后提出,治水方略的调整应综合考虑防洪抗旱与环境保育的需求;水旱灾害风险管理需把握适度,要重点关注减灾管理. 相似文献
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Application of Heuristic Approaches for Prediction of Hydrological Drought Using Multi-scalar Streamflow Drought Index 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Water Resources Management - Quantification and prediction of drought events are important for planning and management of water resources in coping with climate change scenarios at global and local... 相似文献
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为深刻判明2022年鄱阳湖流域特大干旱特征及其影响,认清新形势下干旱灾害防控和风险管理机制策略等的改进方向,对2022年干旱发展过程进行多因素分析,应用标准化降水指数(SPI)对近72年来干旱年际、年内分布演变特征进行了多尺度分析。结果表明:(1)2022年高温持续时间之长、降雨量之少和江河湖泊水位之低均创造新的纪录,干旱发展过程急促、影响范围大、持续时间长;(2)鄱阳湖流域涝旱转换较为多见,2022年涝旱急转特征尤为显著,7—10月是1951年有记录以来最严重的夏秋气象干旱;(3)由于防御体系逐步完善,虽然遭遇有记录最严重的气象干旱,但引发的灾害程度相对其他重旱年偏轻;(4)复合环境下的旱灾涉及因素多而复杂,针对本轮干旱暴露的短板,需根据灾害风险管理理论,进行自上而下的旱灾防御体系研究,创新防御思维与措施,提高区域旱灾防御能力。 相似文献
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Luis Garrote Francisco Martin-Carrasco Francisco Flores-Montoya Ana Iglesias 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(5):873-882
One crucial aspect of drought management plans is to establish a link between basin drought state and management actions.
Basin state is described by a drought indicator system that includes variables like precipitation, streamflow, reservoir inflow,
reservoir storage and groundwater piezometric levels. Basin policy consists on a catalogue of management actions, ranging
from enforcing demand reduction strategies to establishing priority of users to allocate scarce water or approving emergency
works. In this paper, the methodology applied in the Tagus Basin Drought Management Plan to link operational drought indicators
to policy actions in regulated water supply systems is presented. The methodology is based on the evaluation of the probability
of not being able to satisfy system demands for a given time horizon. A simplified model of every water resources system in
the basin was built to evaluate the threshold of reservoir volume that is required to overcome the drought situation without
deficit. For each reservoir level, a set of policy actions is proposed with the goal of guaranteeing essential demands during
drought conditions. The methodology was validated with a simulation of system behavior for 60 years of historic streamflow
series, finding acceptable results in most systems. 相似文献
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针对云南省近年来旱灾爆发频率、波及范围、持续时间及损失程度等呈现的加重趋势,首先构建干旱扰动下农业旱灾社会脆弱性评价指标体系,运用组合熵-CRITIC法确立指标权重,对云南省近15年来农业旱灾社会脆弱性进行动态评价。结果表明,近年来云南省农业社会经济在干旱扰动下,敏感性和应对能力总体呈现增长趋势,农业社会脆弱性呈现波动下降趋势;旱灾社会脆弱性类型划分结果显示,云南省农业社会脆弱性在干旱扰动下,主要集中于低敏感性、低应对能力,高敏感性、低应对能力和高敏感性、高应对能力3种类型。最后,提出从提高农户防旱抗旱意识,加快农业种植结构调整,积极探索灾后补偿新范式等方面进行农业旱灾风险管理。 相似文献
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Wars, drought and social collapse have greatly impaired land management and agriculture production systems in the southeastern Afghanistan provinces of Khost, Paktika and Paktya. This region has long existed with limited central government influence and remains particularly unstable. A complex physical and social geography, on-going warfare, severely limited mobility and policies poorly adapted to regional realities hamper development and reconstruction. On-farm water efficiency improvement, watershed-scale work restricted to small, socially homogeneous watersheds and word-of-mouth Afghan-to-Afghan technology dissemination are particularly important development strategies in this environment. 相似文献