混凝土K_R阻力曲线的实用解析方法

根据混凝土Ⅰ型裂缝扩展准则,提出了新的KR阻力曲线及计算新方法。该KR阻力曲线认为,裂缝的扩展阻力由混凝土材料起裂断裂韧度KiniIc和黏聚力提供的阻力组成并等于裂缝扩展的驱动力。采用该方法,只需给出混凝土的起裂断裂韧度KiniIc,弹性模量E,抗拉强度ft和断裂能GF便可计算混凝土的KR阻力曲线,而无需测定试件的荷载-裂缝口张开位移(P-CMOD)全曲线。在此基础上,研究了混凝土三点弯曲梁试件强度等级从C20到C120的KR阻力曲线,计算了强度相同初始缝高比不同以及初始缝高比相同而试件高度不同的混凝土KR阻力曲线,并探讨了各种情况下的断裂过程区长度以及黏聚力分布。研究结果表明:混凝土强度等级提高,KR阻力曲线上升,但其上升幅值逐渐减小,强度等级在C60以后,其上升幅值趋于稳定;混凝土的KR阻力曲线存在一定的尺寸效应,当韧带长度足够大时,KR阻力先增大,而后趋于稳定;混凝土强度等级提高,最大完整断裂过程区长度减小;试件的尺寸对断裂过程区长度也有着较大影响。     

长期荷载对混凝土断裂性能影响的试验与数值研究

徐变对混凝土结构的耐久性有重要影响。为研究徐变对混凝土断裂性能的影响,对带有预制 裂缝的混凝土梁进行了30％极限荷载和起裂荷载两种水平的弯曲徐变试验,持载时间116ｄ,并对徐变 后试件进行三点弯曲梁试验。试验结果表明,30％极限荷载应力水平下,试件中裂缝没有发生扩展,而 起裂荷载应力水平下,试件中裂缝产生扩展。通过考虑微裂缝扩展的影响,计算了起裂荷载作用后试件 的临界裂缝扩展长度、断裂能和断裂韧度。计算结果表明,徐变过程中微裂缝的扩展对断裂能的影响不 大,但是持续起裂荷载作用后试件的临界裂缝扩展长度和失稳断裂韧度提高。最后,考虑徐变裂缝断裂 过程区的黏聚力松弛效应,引入基于起裂断裂韧度的裂缝扩展准则,数值计算了荷载－裂缝口张开位移 曲线,与试验结果对比吻合良好,验证了考虑长期荷载作用的裂缝扩展全过程数值方法的可行性。     

基于起裂韧度准则的混凝土裂缝黏聚区特性

基于起裂韧度扩展准则和黏聚裂缝模型研究混凝土断裂全过程中的裂缝尖端黏聚区特性;利用不同尺寸的带裂缝三点弯曲梁试件,计算得到了裂缝尖端黏聚区的长度、黏聚力、裂缝张开位移等,并采用现有试验成果和有限元方法计算成果对本文结果进行了验证。分析结果表明:最大黏聚区长度以及峰值时刻对应的临界黏聚区长度随试件尺寸增大而逐渐增大,最大黏聚区长度受拉伸软化曲线影响;裂缝断裂全过程曲线受软化曲线影响较小;当外荷载达到峰值后裂缝张开位移近似为线性分布,黏聚力分布受拉伸软化曲线影响较大。     

基于能量理论的混凝土梁裂缝口张开位移分析

混凝土结构在未使用之前往往已经存在裂缝,在外荷载作用下,混凝土内部微裂缝会不断产生、扩展,成为混凝土破坏的根源,因此有必要计算混凝土已有裂缝口的张开位移。应用基于能量理论的裂缝扩展准则和虚拟裂缝模型,通过编程来模拟混凝土梁混合裂缝的扩展,对于混凝土梁裂缝口张开位移的计算是有效的;切口深度增大时,裂缝口张开位移增大;弹性模量增大时,裂缝口张开位移减小,混凝土的抗裂性能得到加强。     

混凝土Ⅰ型裂缝扩展准则及裂缝扩展全过程的数值模拟

本文将起裂断裂韧度作为材料参数,提出了混凝土Ⅰ型裂缝扩展准则,即当外荷载引起的裂缝尖端应力强度因子与黏聚力引起的裂缝尖端应力强度因子的差值达到起裂断裂韧度时,裂缝开始扩展。在此基础,上采用有限元法对混凝土Ⅰ型裂缝的断裂过程进行了数值模拟,分别计算了不同尺寸混凝土试件的荷载-裂缝口张开位移全曲线、临界裂缝亚临界扩展量、失稳断裂韧度并与应用DIANA软件的数值分析结果及试验结果进行了比较,吻合良好。研究还表明,只要给出混凝土的弹性模量、抗拉强度和起裂断裂韧度,即可用本文提出的方法计算混凝土失稳断裂韧度及裂缝扩展全过程。     

橡胶自密实混凝土断裂性能试验研究

通过橡胶自密实混凝土三点弯曲切口梁试验,测取橡胶自密实混凝土的荷载-位移曲线和荷载-裂缝开口位移曲线,根据双K断裂模型计算其断裂参数与断裂能,研究不同类型、不同掺量的橡胶对自密实混凝土的断裂性能的影响,并对比分析经过氢氧化钠溶液预处理与未处理的橡胶自密实混凝土断裂性能的不同。试验结果表明,橡胶的掺入使自密实混凝土的断裂韧度、断裂能增大,其增大的幅值与橡胶掺量、品种等有关;氢氧化钠溶液预处理可以改善橡胶自密实混凝土断裂性能。     

基于粘结裂缝模型的混凝土断裂过程及参数研究

为研究混凝土细观结构对混凝土断裂参数的影响,基于ＡＢＡＱＵＳ平台进行二次开发,自编０厚度粘结单元嵌入程序,建立混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型对文献中的水工二级配混凝土断裂过程进行数值模拟并验证数值模型的准确性。在此基础上结合边界效应模型预测混凝土的断裂参数以及分析骨料粒径、骨料形状对混凝土断裂参数的影响。结果表明:混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型能准确模拟混凝土损伤断裂全过程,数值模拟得到的荷载－裂缝口张开位移曲线关键点与文献中试验所得关键点平均值相对误差在１０％以内;数值模拟结果经边界效应模型计算得到的混凝土抗拉强度、断裂韧度与文献中采用规范公式计算的相对误差在７％以内;随着骨料平均粒径的增大,混凝土材料的抗拉强度逐渐减小,断裂韧度逐渐增加。该研究可为混凝土断裂参数的预测提供参考。     

混凝土试件四点加载剪切断裂试验研究

有关混凝土Ⅱ型断裂的试验研究是混凝土断裂问题中的热点和难点问题。通过6组24个四点剪切试件对裂缝的剪切扩展过程以及断裂韧度KⅡc进行试验研究,由试件的荷载-应变(P-ε)曲线、荷载-时间(P-t)曲线和荷载-裂缝尖端滑移位移(P-CTSD)曲线,确定试件的破坏荷载、裂缝尖端混凝土应变以及裂尖滑移位移。试验中可见,试件裂缝扩展方向并不平行于剪力方向,而是从裂缝尖端扩展至近加载点附近,表现为倾斜裂缝。试验结果表明,混凝土试件的Ⅱ型断裂韧度KⅡc变化范围为0.5~1.1(MPa·m0.5)。KⅡc随近加载点与预制缝之间的距离减小而增大;KⅡc随初始缝高比的增大而增大。经分析可知,试验过程中形成加载的高窄剪力区容易引起混凝土的剪切断裂。     

采用荷载-裂缝张开口位移曲线确定混凝土三点弯曲梁的断裂能

在采用荷载-裂缝口张开位移曲线确定断裂能思路的启发下,假设带缺口梁旋转点为等效虚拟裂缝的尖端点,根据旋转角和断裂功的概念,推导出了由三点弯曲梁试验测定的荷载-裂缝口张开位移曲线计算断裂能的计算公式,进行了不同高度的三点弯曲梁断裂试验,使用新公式计算了断裂能.结果表明,在试验范围内由荷载-裂缝口张开位移曲线计算的断裂能接近于采用RILEM方法确定的断裂能,且变化较为稳定,可认为不存在尺寸效应.     

静水压力下混凝土双K断裂参数试验测定

本文主要研究混凝土在机械荷载和水压力的双重作用下，裂缝的起裂、扩展和失稳断裂情况。试验采用楔入劈拉试件，试验时每间隔一定的机械荷载，施加一个循环的一定数值的水压力，直至试件断裂。试验采用“恒定裂缝张开位移”和“恒定荷载”两种加载方式，恒定裂缝张开位移是对水压力作用下的试件进行的定性对比分析，恒定荷载是对固定水压力作用下的试件，通过表面粘贴应变片的方法监测裂缝的起裂和扩展长度。采用混凝土裂缝扩展的双K断裂准则计算了粘聚韧度、失稳韧度和起裂韧度，并与试验测定结果进行了比较。结果表明，随着水压力的逐渐增大，试件的可承受最大荷载逐渐减小，裂缝的起裂提前。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明:MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%～5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明:基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。