三峡水库淤积排沙及河型转化规律

三峡水库泥沙排沙在其论证和运行阶段一直是关注的热点问题。根据上游来水来沙、实测固定断面和河床质地取样等资料,分析了三峡水库运用以来进出库水沙变化、总体淤积和排沙规律、沿程淤积规律、河型转化规律等,并将初步设计论证研究成果与其他成果进行了对比分析。研究成果表明:三峡水库运用后,入库年径流量与建库前变化不大,但年输沙量锐减60%,来沙减少的趋势仍将持续;三峡水库平均年库容损失率为0.3%,在世界范围内是非常低的,可确保水库长期使用;三峡水库的年淤积量与入库沙量基本呈线性关系,汛期蓄水位越高则其斜率越大;三峡库尾河段总体呈冲刷状态,泥沙主要淤积在常年回水区,尤其在河道开阔断面;部分分汊河道发生了河型转化,淤积后河道总体朝单一、归顺方向发展。研究成果可为三峡水库运行管理和研究提供支撑,也为同类型水库决策提供参考。     

三峡水库泥沙淤积对氮磷污染物的影响

三峡水库蓄水运用后,库区宽谷段和弯道段泥沙常年大量淤积,氮磷污染物含量也发生显著变化。为了解三峡库区泥沙淤积对氮磷污染物的影响,基于现场测量以及数据资料的收集,探讨了含沙量与总磷、总氮、氨氮浓度的相关关系,总结了总磷、氨氮以及泥沙淤积的时空分布特征。结果表明:泥沙对总磷吸附较好,总磷浓度均随泥沙淤积的加剧而不断降低;泥沙对氨氮也有一定吸附性,氨氮浓度随泥沙淤积的加剧而有一定降低趋势,但变化趋势远小于总磷。研究结果可为泥沙对河流富营养化等环境因素影响的探讨奠定理论基础。     

Multi‐annual contemporary flood event overbank sedimentation within the vegetated lower Orinoco floodplain,Venezuela

Multi‐annual contemporary flood event overbank sedimentation rates were quantified on the World's third largest river in terms of discharge, the tropical lower Orinoco. We discuss the role of variables at the basin and reach scales that contributed to the complexity of spatio‐temporal overbank sediment deposition patterns. Monitored in situ plots were characterized by distance to the main channel, hydroperiod, different geomorphological units, and vegetation cover. Flood event sedimentation rates showed a high spatial variability ranging from the absence of sediment deposition up to 225.46 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1. Banks and levees received relatively high amounts of sediment (39.6 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1), whereas observed mean sedimentation rates on the more distant floodplain and backswamps tended to be lower (17.7 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1). Significant differences in sedimentation rates were observed in two major vegetation types: dense herbaceous and shrubby vegetation (42.2 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1) and floodplain forest (12.7 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1). However, overbank sedimentation patterns also reflected imbricated hydrosedimentary and biogeomorphological vegetation feedbacks that co‐construct fluvial landforms. The incidence of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation–La Niña episode during the study period on sediment availability and floodplain sedimentation suggests that within whitewater rivers, where suspended sediment concentrations are naturally high, hydrological connectivity seems to be more important for floodplain sedimentation than variations in suspended sediment concentrations. These results may provide a good basis for future biogeomorphological investigation projects using complementary methodologies, in order to better anticipate global change and fluctuations in the occurrence, strength or duration of El Niño–La Niña episodes in the tropical zone and their consequences for flood discharge and sediment dynamics during channel–floodplain exchanges.     

SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN THE RESTORED REACH OF THE KISSIMMEE RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA: A VAST SUBTROPICAL RIPARIAN WETLAND

Historically, the Kissimmee River Basin consisted of a broad nearly annually inundated riparian wetland similar in character to tropical Southern Hemisphere large rivers. The river was channelized in the 1960s and 1970s, draining the wetland. The river is currently being restored with over 10 000 hectares of wetlands being reconnected to 70 river km of naturalized channel. We monitored riparian wetland sediment dynamics between 2007 and 2010 at 87 sites in the restored reach and 14 sites in an unrestored reference reach. Discharge and sediment transport were measured at the downstream end of the restored reach. There were three flooding events during the study, two as annual flood events and a third as a greater than a 5‐year flood event. Restoration has returned periodic flood flow to the riparian wetland and provides a mean sedimentation rate of 11.3 mm per year over the study period in the restored reach compared with 1.7 mm per year in an unrestored channelized reach. Sedimentation from the two annual floods was within the normal range for alluvial Coastal Plain rivers. Sediment deposits consisted of over 20% organics, similar to eastern blackwater rivers. The Kissimmee River is unique in North America for its hybrid alluvial/blackwater nature. Fluvial suspended‐sediment measurements for the three flood events indicate that a majority of the sediment (70%) was sand, which is important for natural levee construction. Of the total suspended sediment load for the three flood events, 3%–16% was organic and important in floodplain deposition. Sediment yield is similar to low‐gradient rivers draining to the Chesapeake Bay and alluvial rivers of the southeastern USA. Continued monitoring should determine whether observed sediment transport and floodplain deposition rates are normal for this river and determine the relationship between historic vegetation community restoration, hydroperiod restoration, and sedimentation. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Morphological response of the upper Yangtze Estuary to changes in natural and anthropogenic factors

Globally, over the past few decades, extreme river channel deformation has been observed downstream of dams. Specially, estuarine channel deformation and its response to natural and anthropogenic factors are key issues influencing channel regulation and prediction of long-term stability in large estuarine deltas. Herein, bathymetry data for the upper reaches of the Yangtze Estuary (YE), China was collected for the years 1995, 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2019 to analyze the channel deformation process. Our findings show that the total erosion volume was approximately 11.22 × 10⁸ m³, an equivalent of 15.7 × 10⁸ t of sediment assuming a bulk density of 1.4 t/m³ for the riverbed material during 1995–2019. Meanwhile, the annual erosion rate is 0.63 Mt/year in 1995–2019, and the annual erosion rate is 0.90, 0.12, 0.40 Mt/year in 1995–2003, 2008–2013 and 2013–2019, respectively. Meanwhile, the annual deposition rate is 0.7 Mt/year during 2003–2008. Further analysis indicated that continuous reduction of the sediment load due to the construction of dams (e.g., the Three Gorges Dam) in the basin was a key factor influencing channel erosion over the past 24 years. The channel deformation process was characterized by severe erosion during 1995–2003, a deposition period during 2003–2008, a dynamic equilibrium period from 2008–2013, and an erosion period after 2013. Due to floods with maximum peak discharge lower than 70,000 m³/s, despite the annual sediment load is reduced, the channel deposition phenomenon occurred in 2003–2008. The channel changed from a depositional system to an erosion system during 2008–2013. After 2013, the channel was dominated by extensive erosion, severe local deposition, or severe local erosion as a response to anthropogenic interventions. These findings are of great significance to river management and regulation, as well as to the navigational safety.     

Toledo Bend reservoir and geomorphic response in the lower Sabine River

Downstream geomorphic responses of stream channels to dams are complex, variable, and difficult to predict, apparently because the effects of local geological, hydrological, and operational details confound and complicate efforts to apply models and generalizations to individual streams. This sort of complex geomorphic response characterizes the Sabine River, along the Texas and Louisiana border, downstream of the Toledo Bend dam and reservoir. Toledo Bend controls the flow of water and essentially prevents the flux of sediment from three‐quarters of the drainage basin to the lower Sabine River. Although the channel is scoured immediately downstream of the dam, further downstream there is little evidence of major changes in sediment transport or deposition, sand supply, or channel morphology attributable to the impoundment. Channels are actively shifting, banks are eroding, and sandbars are migrating, but not in any discernibly different way than before the dam was constructed. The Sabine River continues to transport sand downstream, and alluvial floodplains continue to accrete. The relatively small geomorphic response can be attributed to several factors. While dam releases are unnaturally flashy and abrupt on a day‐to‐day basis, the long‐term pattern of releases combined with some downstream smoothing creates a flow regime in the lower basin which mimics the pre‐dam regime, at least at monthly and annual time scales. Sediment production within the lower Sabine basin is sufficient to satisfy the river's sediment transport capacity and maintain pre‐dam alluvial sedimentation regimes. Toledo Bend reservoir has a capacity: annual inflow ratio of 1.2 and impounds 74% of the Sabine drainage basin, yet there has been minimal geomorphic response in the lower river, which may seem counterintuitive. However, the complex linked geomorphic processes of discharge, sediment transport and loads, tributary inputs, and channel erosion include interactions which might increase as well as decrease sediment loads. Furthermore, if a stream is transport‐limited before impoundment, the reduced sediment supply after damming may have limited impact. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡水库磷输移规律研究

三峡水库在发挥防洪、发电、航运等综合效益的同时,也带来了一定的生态环境问题。营养盐磷是水生生态系统的重要生源物质,水库运行拦截泥沙的同时也拦截了部分泥沙所承载的磷。本文利用1997—2017年期间三峡水库的实测流量、含沙量和磷浓度资料,定量分析了三峡水库的磷输移特征,包括时空分布、负荷变化、水库磷拦截率等,旨在明晰三峡水库运行对磷输移的影响。考虑三峡、向家坝和溪洛渡水库开始蓄水时间,将其划分为1997—2002年、2003—2012年和2013—2017年3个时段,分别代表水库蓄水前、三峡水库蓄水、以及上游水库群蓄水。结果表明,库区磷拦截率主要受汛期的磷输移规律的影响;忽略库区区间汇入的影响,基于逐月磷浓度数据可知,2003—2012年,三峡水库的总磷(TP)拦截率为59.8%,溶解磷(DP)拦截率为14.6%;2013—2017年,受三峡入库含沙量大幅减小及点源污染排放增强的影响,DP/TP比值升高,入库磷被更多地输运至下游河道,库区TP和DP拦截率分别减小为14.4%和—18.5%。泥沙对磷输移具有重要的"源"和"汇(缓冲)"作用,但TP与含沙量的关系曲线在汛期与非汛期、不同断面和不同时段存在差异。     

三峡水库135～139m运行期土脑子河段冲淤条件分析

土脑子河段位于三峡水库变动回水区五羊背至鹭鸶盘,长约3km,蓄水前具有汛期淤积,汛末及汛后冲刷,年内冲淤基本平衡的规律。三峡水库135~139m运行期,受坝前水位、来水来沙条件以及河道形态等因素综合影响,年内有冲有淤,累积为淤,其中汛期为主要淤积期,汛末及消落期是主要冲刷期。分析表明,当坝前水位139m、流量大于10000m3/s时,河床开始冲刷;随着坝前水位消落,入库流量增大,冲刷强度逐渐增强,在流量15000m3/s左右时冲刷强度最大;当坝前水位135m、流量大于23000m3/s时,河床开始淤积,随着入库流量增大,淤积强度逐渐增强。     

三峡水库干支流河道一维非恒定水沙数学模型初步研究

 考虑水沙运动过程中的非恒定性及众多支流的影响,建立了三峡水库干支流河道一维非恒定水沙数学模型,并对水流方程组采用三级解法求解。采用三峡水库蓄水运用后2003年6月至2004年12月的水库实测水沙资料对模型进行了验证,验证结果有良好的一致性。本模型在使用1961-1970年系列年入库水沙条件及水库正常蓄水位调度方案下进行了水库冲淤100 a预测计算,计算结果较为合理,表明本模型可用于三峡水库水沙数值模拟。     

Prediction of sediment inflows to Angereb dam reservoir using the SRH‐1D sediment transport model

Angereb Dam, located in Ethiopia, was constructed in early 1994 as a water supply for the town of Gondar up to the year 2020. The reservoir could not achieve this objective, however, because of significant sedimentation problems. Accordingly, one objective of this study was to simulate the historical reservoir sedimentation pattern, as well as predict the near future (until 2015) sedimentation pattern of Angereb Reservoir. The Sedimentation and River Hydraulics one‐dimensional model (SRH‐1D), version 2.6, was used for this purpose. Another objective was to propose possible mitigation measures to reduce the quantity and rate of sedimentation in the reservoir. There was generally good agreement between measurements and model simulations, with the observed trends being well simulated. The exception was that the model tended to overpredict the sediment deposition volumes in the upstream reaches of the reservoir. The two mitigation alternatives for addressing the sedimentation problem, namely managing sediments in the watershed and flushing sediment through the dam bottom outlet, appear to be technically feasibility, with a predicted reduction of the volume of deposited sediment between 63 and 80% be achievable.     

三峡水库蓄水后重庆河段冲淤特性研究

三峡水库蓄水对重庆河段冲淤影响的研究具有重要的科学价值和应用前景。根据水沙连续原理和重庆河段输沙特点,考虑嘉陵江汇流和水沙变化特征,导出了重庆河段泥沙淤积比的公式,分析了不同时期河段冲淤变化特点,论证了重庆河段淤积比与嘉陵江汇流比和寸滩站流量有重要关系。三峡水库蓄水初期重庆河段冲淤特点与蓄水前基本一致,具有汛期淤积、非汛期冲刷的特点。试验性蓄水以来河段冲淤特性发生变化,汛后蓄水期和汛前消落期河段有冲有淤,总体发生淤积。汛期河道有冲有淤,淤积有所减轻,甚至发生冲刷。河道采砂对重庆主城区河段冲淤产生重要影响。     

近40年来长江口沉积物粒度变化及其对底床冲淤的响应

在全球变化和人类活动的双重驱动下,长江口的沉积物来源、输运和河床冲淤正在经历持续性调整。为了探索近40年长江口沉积物输运和海底冲淤时空变化趋势,基于1980—2020年长江口海底沉积物粒度和水下地形数据,采用沉积物粒径趋势模型和多种空间分辨率网格统计分析方法开展研究。结果表明,长江口北支沉积物总体向河道中下部汇聚,南支则在南、北港分流处靠近崇明岛区域形成沉积中心,该结果与基于2012—2020年地形计算的冲淤变化基本相符,沉积中心具有较大的淤积幅度。多年统计结果表明:1980—2003年为高强度输沙时期,整个河口区处于淤积状态,沉积物粒径变细但整体变幅较小;2003—2012年河流输沙量快速降低背景下,2009年前河口区整体依然处于淤积状态,粒径变化不显著;2009—2012年是由淤积转为冲刷的过渡期,口外区域首先出现了小范围侵蚀和沉积物粗化现象;2012—2020年,河口区整体出现大面积侵蚀和粒径粗化现象,粒径与侵蚀变化间呈显著相关。研究发现,高分辨统计网格可以更有效地捕捉到小范围地貌由淤转冲的信号。总体而言,近40年来,长江口已经由显著淤积转为局部侵蚀,未来可能面临持续性的海岸侵蚀灾害。     

Associations between riparian plant morphological guilds and fluvial sediment dynamics along the regulated Colorado River in Grand Canyon

Effects of riparian vegetation on fluvial sediment dynamics depend on morphological traits of the constituent species. Determining the effects of different morphological guilds on sedimentation rates, as influenced by multiple aspects of dam operations, can help identify viable strategies for streamflow and vegetation management to achieve riparian resource goals. Plants of increasing size and branching density or complexity have been found to have greater effects on sedimentation in free‐flowing systems; however, this relationship could differ in regulated rivers. We tested the hypothesis that plant guilds of increasing height and branching complexity would be positively associated with sedimentation rates on 23 sandbars deposited in zones of recirculating flow (eddies) along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. We used an image‐based vegetation classification and digital elevation models from annual topographic surveys to track associations between six plant morphological guilds and topographic change over 5 years. Vegetation had significant associations with deposition after accounting for geomorphic setting, but the ordinal guild scale was not positively correlated with deposition magnitude. Instead, low‐statured rhizomatous and herbaceous guilds were particularly effective at capturing sediment in the separation zone of sandbars, whereas tall herbs and large shrubs were most effective at capturing sediment in reattachment zones. These nuanced interactions between geomorphic position and morphological guild may be a direct consequence of flow regulation through modifications to physical deposition and erosion processes. Flow regulation may also select for a narrow subset of morphological guilds, reducing the diversity of vegetation feedbacks on sedimentation and emphasizing geomorphic drivers.     

FINE SEDIMENT INFILTRATION DYNAMICS IN A GRAVEL‐BED RIVER FOLLOWING A SEDIMENT PULSE

Pulses of fine sediment in gravel‐bedded rivers can cause extensive fine sediment infiltration (FSI) into void spaces in coarse bed material, potentially altering river morphodynamics and aquatic ecosystems. Previous work suggests a conceptual model of FSI whereby FSI occurs to a limited depth as a function of the relative grain size of bed sediment compared with infiltrating sediment and is influenced by fine sediment supply and local flow dynamics. Our study applies this conceptual model to a complex reach of a wandering, medium‐sized, gravel‐bed river to investigate the spatial and temporal controls on FSI. To constrain the timing of FSI, we use the release of contaminated sediment from an upstream dam removal and complementary field methods (bulk sampling, freeze cores and infiltration bags) to capture sediment across varied depositional settings. Our results indicate that, even in a morphologically complex reach, fine‐sediment content in the bed does not vary significantly among deposition settings or vertically below the bed surface. We also found that the most contaminated fine sediments released into our study river by a dam removal are not present within the bed material and that substrate has likely been reworked over the period between the release of contaminated sediment and sampling. Our observations also suggest that seals of fine sediment causing void pore space at depth, which have previously been associated with FSI, are not evident in our field area. This suggests that in natural systems, high sediment supply and mobile beds may limit seal formation and persistence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sedimentation and sediment core profile of heavy metals in the Owabi reservoir in Ghana

Tropical reservoirs are important for numerous socioeconomic and ecological reasons, including water supply, fishing and flood control. These functions are easily compromised, however, when reservoirs undergo accelerated sedimentation with increased inputs of chemical contaminants. The present study applied the concept of sediment core analysis to evaluate the sedimentation rate in Owabi Reservoir, which has served as a source of drinking water supply in Kumasi, Ghana, for nearly a century. The temporal variation of contamination from heavy metals was also assessed over this period. The sedimentation rate for Owabi Reservoir was estimated to be 6.82 mm/year, suggesting a relatively low rate of sedimentation, which is ecologically healthy in preventing a rapid loss of reservoir water volume. Heavy metal concentrations in the sediment cores taken from the reservoir reflected varying degree of contamination from the 1930s to 2010s. The concentration of iron (Fe) (1,560–1,770 mg/kg) was found to be the highest among the metals in the sediment core, while mercury (Hg) concentration (0.01–0.04 mg/kg) was the lowest. Lead (Pb) contamination peaked in the 1980s. Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) contamination exhibited more recent peaks in the 2000s, coinciding with recent widespread issues of artisanal and small‐scale gold mining (ASGM) in Ghana. Thus, even though ASGM activities are known to occur in remote districts, releases from such activities might eventually contaminate reservoirs designated as urban drinking water supplies.     

水沙变异条件下黄河下游河道横断面形态特征研究

通过对黄河下游各水文站1950～2003年实测资料的分析，探讨了过去50多年间黄河下游河道横断面形态变化过程及其与来水量的响应关系。分析得出，过去50多年间，黄河下游河道主河槽发生了明显的淤积萎缩，游荡性河段的萎缩程度大于弯曲性河段，平滩面积呈明显减小的趋势，宽深比有增大的趋势，但各河段河型没有发生转化；平滩面积随年来水量和当年最大洪峰流量的增加而增大，宽深比随来沙系数的增加而增大。由黄河下游排沙比与来水来沙的关系分析表明，黄河下游花园口～利津河段不淤积的花园口临界年均来沙系数约为0.012，临界年平均流量约为1850m3/s。综合分析认为，在目前下游河道来水偏枯的条件下，下游河道的平滩流量不宜也不可能太大，从维持中水河槽和满足流域经济社会发展需要考虑，在花园口年来水量为200～250亿m3时，花园口控制洪峰流量在4000m3/s左右、年均来沙系数不大于0.012的来水来沙过程比较合适。     

三峡库区非恒定一维水沙数值模拟

该文考虑水沙输移过程中的非恒定性,建立了三峡库区非恒定一维水沙数学模型。模型中采用张红武提出的不平衡输沙理论以及选用符合三峡库区河道水沙特点的悬移质挟沙力公式和推移质输沙率公式,对现有三峡水库泥沙模型进行了改进.采用三级算法求解水流方程组,并选用了分沙比等于分流比的汊点分沙模式,与泥沙连续方程组进行非耦合求解.利用三峡水库蓄水后实测资料对所建模型进行验证,计算结果与实测资料符合良好,表明该模型能够模拟三峡库区干支流河道非恒定的水沙演进过程和河床冲淤变形规律。     

怒江干流水沙年内分配特征及其变化趋势

怒江研究基础严重滞后于流域资源保护与开发利用的需求。利用怒江干流贡山、道街坝和木城3个水文站历年月径流和悬移质输沙观测数据,运用集中度与集中期、Mann-Kendall检验和R/S分析等方法,研究怒江干流1964-2011年水沙年内分配时空特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:怒江干流径流呈缓慢上升趋势,但输沙上升趋势明显;怒江干流悬移质输沙年内分配集中度明显高于径流,径流和悬移质输沙年内分配集中度时间上呈波动下降趋势,空间上呈从上游到下游递减的趋势;径流和悬移质输沙年内分配多年平均集中期均在7月中旬,较降水集中期稍有提前;怒江干流径流年内分配集中度未发生突变,悬移质输沙年内分配集中度在1977年开始发生突变,在1995年后下降趋势明显;怒江干流径流和悬移质输沙年内分配集中度未来仍将延续波动下降的趋势,且悬移质输沙年内分配集中度的下降趋势比径流更强。     

三峡水库汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方式初探

为研究三峡水库汛期调度方式优化问题,以实测资料为基础,对三峡水库蓄水运用以来入出库沙量特性变化进行了分析,主要从泥沙角度对三峡水库采用汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方式进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明:三峡水库蓄水运用后汛期入库沙量大幅减小,上游溪洛渡和向家坝水库蓄水运用后三峡水库汛期6—9月份含沙量已经开始小于论证阶段5月份和10月份的含沙量;三峡水库主汛期出库沙量占年出库沙量的90%以上,且汛期出库沙量主要集中在1~2次大的出库沙峰过程中;近期三峡水库汛期采用“蓄清排浑”动态运用的泥沙调度方式,泥沙淤积可许。研究成果可为三峡水库汛期优化调度提供参考。     

Spatio-temporal variations of hydrochemistry and modern sedimentation processes in the Nam Co basin,Tibetan Plateau: Implications for carbonate precipitation

Lake monitoring studies are essential for understanding the modern biogeochemical and sedimentological cycles to enable and support the interpretation of paleolimnological records. However, such studies remain scarce for high-altitude lakes in general and specifically for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. We investigated the hydro-chemical and physical properties of lake Nam Co and its twenty-one major inflowing rivers from 2011 to 2013. The modern sediment flux and sediment properties were determined for samples collected by sediment traps deployed for the same study period at different water depths at three sites in Nam Co. Carbonate weathering in the catchment, especially pronounced during the monsoon season, was identified as the predominant origin of dissolved riverine hydrochemical components. The sediment budget shows remarkable temporal variation, with trends of intensified sediment fluxes during the non-monsoon season and small variations within the monsoon season. Spatially, considerably higher sedimentation fluxes were detected in nearshore sites (T1 and T3) and attributed to wind-induced resuspension. Vertically, resuspension is also an important factor that influences the sedimentation process, which leads to an exponential increase of the budget from the surface to the bottom layer. Autochthonous carbonate deposition rates presented a similar seasonal pattern, with the total sedimentation rates under the influence of the water balance. Low values occurred during the monsoon season due to dilution while deposition rapidly increased during the early post-monsoon season when the lake level decreased. Intensive carbonate deposition also occurred during the non-monsoon season, which dominated the lake hydrochemistry dynamics.