基于ANUGA和SWMM耦合模型的车陂涌流域内涝模拟分析

为探究设计暴雨雨峰位置对城市内涝的响应规律,以广州车陂涌流域某片区为研究区,基于ANUGA和SWMM构建耦合模型AGSWM,采用实测降雨的流量和内涝数据对AGSWM进行验证,并对不同雨峰位置的设计暴雨情景进行了内涝模拟与分析。结果表明：耦合模型AGSWM具有良好的模拟精度,能够较好地反映车陂涌内涝时空演进过程;在低重现期后峰情景和高重现期中峰情景下,内涝积水总量、总淹没面积、重度内涝等级的淹没面积和重度内涝等级的易涝点最大水深较大;在低重现期前峰情景、高重现期后峰情景下,积水峰现延迟时间较长。     

基于SWMM和InfoWorks ICM模型的大红门排水区暴雨内涝模拟

为探究不同暴雨情景下北京市大红门排水区内涝过程演化规律,构建SWMM和InfoWorks ICM-2D耦合城市暴雨内涝模型,模拟分析了大红门排水区不同重现期降雨下管网排水能力、地表淹没情况及内涝危险性。结果表明：SWMM和InfoWorks ICM-2D耦合模型在大红门排水区暴雨内涝模拟中具有较好的适用性;大红门排水区70%以上的管道排水能力不足5年一遇设计标准,随着降雨重现期增大,溢流节点和超载管道数量增多,超载时长增加,但溢流节点超载时长增幅减小;易涝区和中高危险区主要分布在大红门排水区中部和东南部下凹桥区;随着降雨重现期增大,内涝区积水深度增加、积水范围扩大,0.2 m以上水深区域占比增加,低危险区主要向高危险区转化,较少向极高危险区转化。     

基于GIS与SWMM耦合的城市暴雨洪水淹没分析

针对暴雨导致的城市内涝问题,采用GIS与SWMM耦合的城市暴雨洪水淹没分析计算方法,对郑州市暴雨内涝淹没范围和淹水深度进行了模拟分析,对组成排水系统的排水管网、道路和河道水系等进行合理概化,构建了暴雨洪水淹没分析模型,对重现期分别为0.5、1、2、5、10 a设计暴雨情形下的管道节点溢流和积水深度进行了模拟。结果表明:郑州市区总体排涝标准较低,排涝能力严重不足;该模型能直观表现受涝区淹没范围和淹水深度,在城市排水管网规划、雨洪管理和灾后损失评估等方面具有一定的应用价值。     

基于SCS和GIS的不同降雨情景城市内涝过程模拟方法

针对城市暴雨内涝灾害频发的现状,基于城市暴雨强度公式、芝加哥降雨过程线模型、SCS(Soil Conservation Service)产流模型以及基于地理信息系统软件ArcGIS的局部等体积法,提出一种关于城市暴雨内涝过程的模拟方法。选取武汉市内涝灾害严重的汤逊湖流域作为研究对象,使用该方法对流域内多种重现期暴雨内涝量的积水高程和积水淹没范围进行模拟。结果表明:汤逊湖流域内产生的内涝较为严重,10 a一遇的暴雨即可对低洼地区造成轻微内涝;不同重现期暴雨产生的积水区域基本是一致的,但重现期越长的暴雨产生的积水高程越深,淹没范围越广,对周边造成的影响越大。该研究成果对城市暴雨内涝的预防与治理具有借鉴和参考价值。     

不同暴雨情景下的城市内涝响应特征分析

针对近年来频发的城市暴雨内涝灾害问题,以广州长湴地区为例,构建了基于SWMM和LISFLOOD-FP的内涝耦合模型,结合历史暴雨事件提出一种新的短历时暴雨过程设计方法,在此基础上设计了114种暴雨情景,探讨了不同暴雨雨型和集中度条件下的城市内涝响应特征。结果表明：单峰雨型下的溢流和淹没情况比双峰和均匀型要高;在单峰雨型中,峰后型暴雨的溢流峰值最高,峰中和峰后型暴雨的溢流总量较大,峰后型暴雨导致的整体淹没情况较严重;重现期小于50 a时芝加哥型(r=0.7)暴雨导致的淹没情况最严重,而重现期大于50 a时单峰Ⅱ型(峰后型)暴雨的淹没情况最严重;重现期为100 a时单峰Ⅱ型的淹没范围及水深比芝加哥型(r=0.7)暴雨分别高8%和64%;暴雨集中度每上升一个等级,溢流及淹没情况明显加重;目前常用的芝加哥雨型在一定情况下存在低估内涝的风险,建议在内涝分析时进一步考虑更危险的雨型以及暴雨的集中度。     

基于高精度DEM的城市道路积水淹没计算方法研究

针对河南省郑州市城区道路微尺度场景的暴雨内涝积水计算问题,以车载LiDAR技术建立的积水路段高精度格网DEM为基础,按照有源淹没方式,采用种子蔓延法计算积水淹没范围;通过构建郑州市暴雨洪水模型获取暴雨时积水点溢流水量,运用二分法实现淹没水位与溢流水量间的快速逼近求解。以郑州市某积水路段进行实例应用,对比分析计算结果与电子水尺实测水深数据可知,Nash-Sutcliff确定性系数为0.94,RMSE为0.05,相对误差为10.3%,表明淹没计算结果具有较高精度,模拟淹没过程符合该积水区实际淹没过程,研究方法适用于城市街道区域的暴雨积水淹没范围和水深计算。     

地表及管网互馈联合的城市内涝模拟模型——以江苏省响水县中心城区为例

针对江苏省盐城市响水县中心城区短时强降雨导致的城区内涝问题,联合二维水动力学模型与SWMM模型,构建了地表及管网双向互馈的响水县城内涝模拟模型。使用该联合模型对区域内1,5,10 a一遇暴雨重现期下的内涝淹没范围、淹没水深、淹没历时进行模拟分析,并采用当地2012年"8·10"大暴雨导致的内涝过程来验证模型精度;综合考虑多项指标构建内涝风险评估体系,并绘制成内涝风险图辅助进行防灾预警。结果表明:5个易涝点实地调查水深与模拟水深差距范围在0.04～0.23 m之间,平均水深相对误差为19.3%,模拟所得值基本能够反映易涝点的淹没情况。该模型可初步应用于响水县城的内涝过程模拟,在防内涝设计、城市内涝预测及治理等方面具有一定的实用价值。     

葫芦岛市城市内涝风险评估

采用3场次实测暴雨(20130915,20150806和20160902)内涝淹没资料,验证了基于PCSWMM的葫芦岛市雨洪模型,然后对葫芦岛市现状排水能力及城市内涝风险,选用同频率设计潮位和不同降雨组合进行模拟评估。研究表明:模型的可靠性和精准度较高,葫芦岛市低于1a一遇排水能力的系统管网为84.1%,可为揭示城市内涝风险等级在不同重现期暴雨的分布规律提供科学的依据。     

不同重现期下的银川市金凤区暴雨径流模拟研究

可视化地模拟城市暴雨径流可以揭示不同重现期下城市汇水区径流、节点溢流、管网排水和内涝风险的时空规律。以银川市金凤区中部为研究区,基于地理信息系统技术和SWMM模型,模拟了不同重现期下的子汇水区径流、排水管网排水能力和城市内涝风险。结果表明,总降雨量、地表蓄水量、地表径流量、径流系数均随重现期增加而增加,节点积水深度、积水时间、积水面积、内涝高风险区域面积、管网的最大满流深度和满流时长与降雨强度呈正相关关系,节点溢流主要分布在地势低洼、汇流面积较大、人口密集、不透水面积较大的地区。利用地理信息系统和SWMM能可视化地模拟不同重现期下的城市暴雨径流,评估排水管网的排涝能力和城市内涝风险,研究成果可为城市管网维护、内涝灾害防治和海绵城市建设提供借鉴。     

社区尺度居民楼内涝淹没过程精细化模拟及室内财产损失评估

以西安一小区居民楼为研究对象,构建了高精度城市雨洪模型,并通过实测暴雨内涝监测数据验证了模型的可靠性;利用构建的模型模拟了6种设计降雨重现期下的居民楼室内动态淹没过程,并以西安市中等收入家庭的房屋配置为计算单元,分析了各类居民室内财产的淹没水深阈值,依此拟合得到了室内财产淹没水深-损失率关系曲线,结合居民楼在不同降雨重现期下的淹没水深,计算得到了各居民楼在不同降雨重现期下的内涝淹没财产损失数据。结果表明：不同降雨重现期下,同一居民楼一层居民房屋室内进水淹没水深随降雨重现期的增大而增大;同一降雨重现期下,各栋居民楼因高程不一致导致内涝淹没过程及最大淹没水深不一样。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。