不同外加碳源的反硝化效能与技术经济性分析

低温季节,很多污水处理厂普遍面临外投碳源提高脱氮效率的问题。碳源不同,其反硝化效能和投加成本也不同。基于低温季节常用强化脱氮工艺——A/O工艺,通过静态试验,对三种常用快速外加碳源(乙醇、乙酸和乙酸钠)的反硝化效能进行了研究,并对其投加成本进行了分析。结果表明:三种外加碳源乙醇、乙酸和乙酸钠的反硝化COD/TN分别为4.85、3.52和3.66;其单位NO3-—N去除量的投加成本分别为15.08元/kgNO3-—N、15.20元/kgNO3-—N和28.98元/kgNO3-—N;从技术经济性考虑,乙酸是最佳的投加碳源。     

七段Bardenpho工艺在污水处理厂中的实践及效果分析

针对污水处理厂的低碳氮比进水,开发了七段Bardenpho工艺,通过设置多点进水、多点碳源投加和缺氧/好氧可调节段,为污水处理厂提供了多种工艺运行方案,保证出水水质稳定达标,降低运行成本.运行结果表明,七段Bardenpho工艺对有机物、氮和磷等污染物去除效果良好,在冬季最不利工况下,二沉池出水的平均COD为23.5 mg/L、NH3-N为0.86 mg/L、TN为14.3 mg/L和TP为0.17 mg/L,去除率分别为92.2％、97.5％、68.5％和97.1％,实现了在二级生物处理中最大限度去除污染物,深度处理作为出水稳定达标保障处理单元的设计目标.     

正/倒置A~2/O-MBBR处理低C/N城镇污水比较研究

分别采用倒置A2/O-MBBR、A2/O-MBBR处理低C/N值城镇污水,重点分析了两者对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除效果。在好氧区悬浮生物填料投加比例一定、原水C/N为5.4条件下,两者对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率分别为80.7%、98.2%、75.9%、77.1%和79.3%、93.1%、72.6%、68.5%,前者优于后者。倒置A2/O-MBBR、A2/O-MBBR较该污水厂A2/O工艺对TN、TP的去除效果分别提高20%、23.3%和12.6%,21.2%。结果表明:倒置A2/O-MBBR工艺兼具倒置A2/O工艺多点进水提高碳源利用率和生物填料表面存在不同种群结构的生物膜双重特性,增强了脱氮除磷效果,在碳源不足条件下,应优先选用。     

大型MBR再生水厂零碳源投加脱氮的探索与实践

为提高大型MBR再生水厂生物脱氮效率,降低外加碳源成本,从物料平衡的角度出发,研究同步硝化反硝化、生物合成、缺氧反硝化等因素对于生物脱氮的贡献.并结合配水优化、水力负荷控制、内回流消氧等多种工艺管控手段,对某大型MBR再生水厂脱氮过程进行全面优化.结果 表明,某水厂总氮的去除主要通过剩余污泥排放和缺氧反硝化两个方面实现;以氨氮为指示物并配合进水闸门改造工作,能够明显提高生物池配水均匀度;建立物料平衡模型,并结合运行管控手段,某水厂在进水BOD5/TN均值为2.75的情况下,系统脱氮效率为77％,进水总氮去除率为89％,并实现了2021年零碳源投加脱氮.     

内外回流比对A2/O工艺生物脱氮的影响

针对内外回流比对A2/O工艺生物脱氮效率的效果及其局限性进行了中试研究。结果表明,通常缺氧段出水NO3-—N不为零,使TN理论去除率>反硝化理论脱氮率>TN实际去除率,并进一步分析了此时TN的理论去除率变化。当内外回流比之和为300%和500%时,出水TN稳定,分别小于20mg/L和15mg/L。当内回流比由200%上升到400%时,缺氧出水NO3-—N由1.3mg/L上升到3.8mg/L,但是反硝化速率由0.036kgNO3-—N/(kgVSS.d)上升到0.044kgNO3-—N/(kgVSS·d)。MLVSS中TN约占9.8%,通过剩余污泥排放去除TN比例随着泥龄的增加而减少,当好氧SRT为14d、8d、5d时,其均值分别为7.1%、26.2%、37.1%。     

双污泥回流A~2/O工艺在低温下的脱氮除磷效果

在温度为9~16℃的低温条件下,考察了双污泥回流A2/O工艺系统处理低C/N城市污水的脱氮除磷特性。试验结果表明:在低温处理低C/N城市污水时,将A2/O工艺改良为双污泥回流系统,通过富集反硝化除磷菌(DPB)和强化缺氧吸磷等方法,取得了良好的同步脱氮除磷效果。当水温为12~16℃,缺氧池DO为0.2~0.4mg/L时,进水TN、NH3—N和TP平均分别为47.44mg/L、37.50mg/L和6.01mg/L时,系统出水TN、NH3—N和TP平均分别为12.81mg/L、2.75mg/L和0.37mg/L,去除率分别为72.99%、92.66%和93.90%,当水温为9~12℃时,系统对TN、NH3—N和TP去除效果下降,不能达到预定的去除目标。系统对COD去除效果良好,进水COD平均为253.59mg/L,出水为26.85mg/L,平均去除率为89.41%。     

研究生论文摘要

浸没式膜 SBR反应器处理焦化废水研究研究生 :耿　炎　导师 :周　琪(同济大学环境科学与工程学院　 2 0 0 0 92 )采用浸没式膜 SBR反应器处理焦化废水 ,系统研究了反应器对有机物和氮的去除效率 ,对比了缺氧 好氧和缺氧 好氧 缺氧工艺的运行效果 ,通过投加粉末活性炭 (PAC) ,研究了对膜阻力控制的影响。试验结果表明膜生物反应器的出水水质优于传统工艺。当进水浓度为 90 0mg/L ,容积负荷为 6 5 0kg/ (m3 ·d)时 ,COD去除率为 86 % ,出水小于 1 0 0mg/L。采用缺氧 好氧工艺 ,有机物大部分在好氧段去除 ,缺氧、好氧段COD去除率分别为 …     

改良型A/O工艺强化脱氮的试验研究

针对城郊住宅小区生活污水氨氮含量偏高的特点,对传统A/O工艺进行改良,提出了缺氧—好氧—硝化(A/O/N)处理工艺。试验结果表明,该工艺处理生活污水时脱氮效果明显优于传统A/O工艺,总氮去除率高于85%。对A/O/N工艺系统中氮的迁移转化进行了分析,并探讨了其脱氮机理。     

生物流化床法处理城市污水处理厂污泥回流液的可行性研究

以城市污水处理厂污泥回流液为研究对象,研究生物流化床法降低污泥回流液中氮磷浓度的效果,并分析了COD/TN与COD/TP值对生物流化床脱氮除磷的影响.结果表明,COD_(Cr)浓度对脱氮影响不大,而对除磷有较大影响.在COD_(Cr)为500 mg/L,进水TN为115 mg/L时,TN的去除率最大为72.05%,此时,COD/TN值为4.35.在COD_(Cr)为480 mg/L,进水TP为11.25 mg/L时,TP的去除率最高为36.98%,此时COD/TP为42.67.生物流化床法对降低高浓度氮磷污泥回流液具有一定的去除效果,TN去除率可达56.35%,TP去除率为28.96%.     

一体式连续流A/O-MBR脱氮除磷试验研究

采用一体式厌氧/好氧膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)处理模拟生活污水,溶解氧(DO)浓度分别控制在小于0.7mg/L,1±0.3mg/L,2±0.3mg/L和大于0.3mg/L下,以DO为2±0.3mg/L时,反应器对污染物的去除能力最强,COD、NH4+-N、TN、PO43--P的去除率分别可达91.4%,89.6%,88.7%和92.3%。在该DO条件下,对C/N和C/P对污染物去除效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明:当进水C/N在14～24之间C/P在70～120之间变化时,氨氮及总氮去除率随着C/N的增大而增大,而对COD及磷的影响不大。当进水C/N=8,C/P=40时,脱氮效果明显下降。说明即使控制适宜的溶解氧,在碳源不足的情况下对氮也无法达到较好的去除,表明碳源是否充足是影响同步硝化反硝化的关键因素。     

Enhanced removal of chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus using the ameliorative anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process and micro-electrolysis

Synthetic wastewater was treated using a novel system integrating the reversed anoxic/anaerobic/oxic (RAAO) process, a micro-electrolysis (ME) bed and complex biological media. The system showed superior chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal rates. Performance of the system was optimised by considering the influences of three major controlling factors, namely, hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR) and mixed liquor recirculation (MLR). TP removal efficiencies were 69, 87, 87 and 83% under the HRTs of 4, 8, 12 and 16 h. In contrast, HRT had negligible effects on the COD and TN removal efficiencies. COD, TN and TP removal efficiencies from synthetic wastewater were 95, 63 and 87%, respectively, at an OLR of 1.9 g/(L·d). The concentrations of COD, TN and TP in the effluent were less than 50, 15 and 1 mg/L, respectively, at the controlled MLR range of 75-100%. In this system, organics, TN and TP were primarily removed from anoxic tank regardless of the operational conditions.     

Influence of ORP variation, carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge from dephanox process.

The effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated. Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in the anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However, once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess of the PHB saturation of Poly-p bacteria, residual COD carried over to the anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. This was equal to supplementing the external carbon source to the anoxic phase, furthermore the higher the external carbon source concentration the more powerful the inhibition caused. High nitrate concentration in the anoxic phase increased the initial denitrifying phosphorus rate. Oncethe nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to phosphate release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found that ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the dinitrification and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.     

Effects of influent COD/N ratio and internal recycle ratio on nitrogen removal efficiency in the KNR process.

In this study, with the KNR process that has many advantages, the nitrogen removal efficiency of KNR was experimentally investigated at various COD/N ratios of influent conditions. The optimal operating condition of internal recycle ratio was evaluated. The TN removal efficiencies were 59.1, 72.5 and 75.9% at the COD/N ratios of 3, 5 and 7, respectively. These high removal efficiencies resulted from high denitrification rate in UMBR with high microorganism concentration. Furthermore, specific endogenous denitrification at MLVSS of 10.3 g/L that is similar to MLVSS in UMBR was over two times higher than that at MLVSS of 2.06 g/L. This result suggests that endogenous denitrification rate in UMBR is so high that the requirement of an external carbon source can be saved. As the internal recycle ratio increased from 100 to 400%, the TN removal efficiency also improved from 69.5 to 82.9%, and the optimal internal recycle ratio was 300%.     

人工湿地处理四环素类抗生素废水时有机碳源的影响

研究了以葡萄糖和乙酸钠为碳源的条件下,垂直流人工湿地对四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)和金霉素(CTC)等3种四环素类抗生素(TCs)的去除效果。结果表明,在试验条件下,乙酸钠与葡萄糖两种碳源均能有效促进人工湿地系统对3种TCs的去除;在相同碳源条件下COD质量浓度越高,TCs的去除率越高,当COD质量浓度大于400mg/L时,对3种TCs的去除率均达到90%以上;垂直流人工湿地对TCs的去除过程包括2个阶段:前2 h为湿地基质吸附作用下的快速去除阶段,2~24 h为缓慢去除阶段。乙酸钠与葡萄糖两种碳源对TCs去除率的提高,主要发生在2h之后的第二个阶段,分析认为发生了微生物共代谢作用,促进了湿地系统对基质吸附富集之后的TCs的进一步降解。     

A distillery by-product as an external carbon source for enhancing denitrification in mainstream and sidestream treatment processes

The use of fusel oil as an 'alternative' carbon source for denitrification in the mainstream and sidestream treatment processes was studied. Research comprised two kinds of batch experiments as well as acclimation of process biomass to external carbon sources. In the conventional nitrate utilization rate (NUR) measurements (one-phase experiments with non-acclimated biomass), the NUR with fusel oil was 1.4-1.7 g N/(kg VSS·h which was comparable to NUR with ethanol and with slowly biodegradable fraction of the settled wastewater. When fusel oil was added at the beginning of the anoxic phase, preceded by an anaerobic phase (in two-phase experiments with non-acclimated biomass), the NURs of 2.5-2.9 g N/(kg VSS·h) were comparable to the tests without the addition of any external carbon sources. The addition of fusel oil and ethanol resulted in a significant enhancement of the denitrification efficiency in lab-scale sequencing batch reactors treating sludge reject water. The NURs continuously increased from below 1 g N/(kg VSS·h) to over 10 g N/(kg VSS·h) over the entire 4-week operational period, indicating gradual acclimation to the substrate. The overall total N removal efficiency reached ～90%.     

厌氧水解-SNAD工艺处理低碳氮比农村生活污水

为解决农村生活污水的高效除碳脱氮问题,以厌氧水解-同时硝化反硝化厌氧氨氧化(SNAD)工艺处理低C/N比农村生活污水。实验结果表明:水解酸化单元进水C/N比为2∶1时,COD的去除率达到69%;产物VFA主要成分为乙酸、丙酸和正丁酸,平均含量分别为88.4%、6.5%与5.1%,VFAs/COD比为0.74;出水C/N比为3∶5。水解酸化单元出水进入SNAD脱氮单元,通过亚硝化、反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的耦合作用,该单元COD与总氮的去除率分别可达到76.7%和84.1%。厌氧水解-SNAD组合工艺COD与总氮总去除率分别达到92.8%和84.1%。     

Treatment of swine wastewater using MLE process and membrane bio-reactor.

The aim of this study was to develop the optimum integrated treatment system for slurry type swine wastewater through field testing. Although composting and liquid composting are the most desirable processes to treat swine wastewater, inadequate composting has been blamed as critical non-point source pollutants. In the area with limited crop land and grass land, the most feasible method to handle slurry type swine wastewater would be that the solids portion from the solids/liquid separation process is treated by composting and then the liquid portion is treated by a series of wastewater treatment processes, including physicochemical treatment system and biological nutrient removal systems such as the modified Ludzack Ettinger (MLE) process and MLE process coupled with a membrane, to satisfy the different effluent criteria. When using the appropriate solids/liquid separation system, the removal efficiency of SS, COD(Cr), and TKN was 92.4%, 73.6%, and 46.0%, respectively and the amount of bulking agent required for composting and organic loading rate for the following wastewater treatment system can be reduced by 94.8% and 84.7%, respectively. When treating the effluent from solids/liquid separation process by MLE process, the optimal volume fraction for denitrification was 20% of total reactor volume and the optimum ratio of F/M and F(N)/M were increased with increase of C/N ratio. Since the effluent quality of MLE process is not enough to discharge, the DAF process was operated with addition of FeCl3 and cationic polyelectrolyte. The effluent from the DAF process was treated in the MLE process coupled with a crossflow ultrafiltration membrane to satisfy more stringent effluent criteria. When external carbon source is added to keep 6.0 of C/N ratio, the efficiency of denitrification is best. The optimum linear velocity and transmembrane pressure for MBR process was 1.8 m/sec and 2.1 atm, respectively. By addition of external carbon source, nitrogen compounds, especially NOx-N, were considerably removed. And by addition of powdered activated carbon, the removal efficiency of COD(Cr) and COD(Mn) and the membrane flux were increased dramatically.     

Automatic control strategy for biological nitrogen removal of low C/N wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor.

To establish an automatic control system of external carbon addition in biological nitrogen removal, a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor with real-time control strategy was designed in this study. An oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) profile was used for automatic control of external carbon addition. The mean removal efficiency of total organic carbon was over 98%. Complete denitrification in an anoxic phase and complete denitrification and nitrification in anoxic and oxic phases were accomplished, respectively, because the oxic and anoxic periods were also appropriately controlled with ORP and pH profiles, respectively. Mean removal efficiency of total nitrogen was over 95%. When concentration of influent wastewater was changed, volume of additional carbon was automatically changed with the influent fluctuation, and flexible hydraulic retention time was achieved in this system.     

Comparison of aerobic denitrifying activity among three cultural species with various carbon sources.

Abilities of three aerobic denitrifiers such as Alcaligenes faecalis, Microvirgula aerodenitrificans and Paracoccus pantotrophus were compared from the viewpoints of nitrate removal efficiency and organic matter utilization. First, the effect of carbon source was investigated. Although nitrate reduction was observed in all strains under aerobic conditions, a change of carbon source considerably affected the denitrification ability. In the case of P. pantotrophus, nitrate and nitrite were completely removed in three days under sodium acetate or leucine as a carbon source. In the case of A. faecalis, sufficient nitrate removal was observed only when sodium acetate or ethanol was added. P. pantotrophus and A. faecalis showed a higher ability of nitrate removal than that of M. aerodenitrificans. Therefore, P. pantotrophus was selected in order to investigate the effects of concentration and repetitive addition of carbon. Sodium acetate was used as a sole carbon source. Nitrate was not reduced when the carbon concentration was below 500 mgC/L. However, when carbon source was added repeatedly, nitrate was reduced under 100 mgC/L after the optical density of the bacterium reached above 1.0. This result indicated that a high enough level of bacterial density was necessary to express aerobic denitrification activity.     

Improvement of denitrification by denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria using sequentially combined carbon.

The effects of sequentially combined carbon (SCC) using a symbiotic relationship of methanol and acetic acid on biological nutrient removal were investigated in both the continuous bench scale process consisting of an anoxic, an aerobic and a final settling tank and intensive batch tests. Compared to the use of respective sole carbon sources, methanol and acetic acid, the use of SCC showed superior removal efficiency of nitrogen (98.3%) and phosphorus (approximately 100%). Furthermore, the use of SCC enhanced simultaneous denitrification and phosphorus uptake by denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria (DPB), resulting in the highest specific denitrification rate (SDNR) of 0.252 g NO3-N/g VSS/d achieved from the first anoxic zone with methanol of 30 mg COD/I. From batch tests performed under carbon limited anoxic conditions, 1 g of nitrate was used by DPB for P-uptake of 1.19 g. According to this result, 0.205 g NO3-N/g VSS/d was accomplished by normal denitrifiers using methanol, and 0.047 g NO3-N/g VSS/d was achieved by DPB. This research also demonstrated that the increase of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) stored by phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) could be of importance in improving aerobic denitrification. The use of SCC produced the highest P-release in the anoxic zone, indicating the amount of PHB would be higher compared to the use of other sole carbons. Therefore, the SCC could be a very effective carbon source for the enhancement of aerobic denitrification as well.