碧流河水库汛限水位动态控制方法研究与应用

针对碧流河水库汛限水位控制运用中由于"静态控制"而导致洪水资源浪费的问题,从规划和实时运行两方面研究动态控制汛限水位的方法。首先研究了该水库汛限水位动态控制域的确定方法,在此基础上提出基于洪水预报和24小时降雨预报信息的实时动态控制方法,并以碧流河水库流域"2005.8.8"洪水实际调度为背景,介绍了水库水位的实时控制过程。结果表明,基于预报信息动态控制水库水位后,在没有额外增加防洪风险的前提下,提高了洪水资源的利用率。本文研究的方法具有较强的可操作性,可用于指导我国北方其他调节性好的水库的实时防洪调度。     

基于改进预泄能力约束法的水库汛限水位分期动态控制域确定及应用

汛限水位动态控制域是水库汛限水位动态控制研究的关键内容,亦是动态控制方案实施的基础。预泄能力约束法是确定汛限水位动态控制域的主要方法,但该方法主要考虑洪水预报信息进行预蓄预泄,并不适用于洪水汇流速度快、依据洪水预报信息决策时效短的水库,因此,本文提出了考虑未来48 h降雨预报信息的改进预泄能力约束法,并结合水库分期汛限水位,研究了水库汛限水位分期动态控制域确定方法。以山西省漳泽水库为例,结合现有分期汛限水位,采用改进预泄能力约束法确定了水库汛限水位分期动态控制域,成果在2013—2016年的水库调度实践中取得了较好的应用效果。     

短期降雨预报在汛限水位动态控制中的应用

以丹江口水库为例，根据考虑降雨预报的水库汛期限制水位控制的新理念，研究了利用短期降雨预报信息进行水库汛限水位动态控制的调度方式；同时分析了在发生降雨预报误差时，汛限水位动态控制的风险率以及大坝所能抗御洪水标准的变化，概化计算了抬高汛限水位增加的发电效益。结果表明，在不增加丹江口水库及其上下游防护对象风险的前提下，抬高汛限水位可以为丹江口水库带来较大的经济效益。     

岩滩水库汛限水位动态控制域的应用研究

随着预报科学理论和技术的发展,降雨和洪水预报精度的提高和水文过程预见期的增长,水库运用中由对水库汛限水位的静态控制逐步转向动态控制,而汛限水位动态控制的核心问题之一就是研究汛限水位动态控制域的确定方法。以岩滩水库为实例阐述了库容补偿法和预泄能力约束法的基本思想,并给出预泄能力约束法的数学描述和计算过程。通过评定岩滩水库短期洪水预报方案精度和预报误差对防洪安全的影响程度,以不增加土地淹没损失为原则,基于洪水预报信息和汛期动态控制水位调度线得出汛限水位动态控制上限值,以原设计汛限水位值为下限确定汛限水位动态控制域。     

实时汛限水位动态控制方法研究

很多研究表明,汛限水位动态控制是协调水库调度中防洪和兴利间关系的有效方法,但大多集中于研究汛限水位控制域的确定,很少有文献针对汛限水位动态控制的核心—实时汛限水位动态控制进行研究。本文提出了一种实时汛限水位动态控制的方法,该方法首先利用24 h分类降雨预报作为判别指标,然后依据水文预报结果和水库的泄流能力计算控制水位、泄流量等具体指标。文中将该方法用于碧流河水库“19960810”场次洪水的调度中,结果表明,该方法能保证汛限水位动态控制的有效性,可以用做实时汛限水位动态控制的实施方法。     

基于降水预报信息的棉花滩水库汛限水位动态控制模型

为了提高汛期洪水资源的利用率,对棉花滩水库进行了汛限水位动态控制研究。从汛限水位动态控制条件、历次洪水预报误差等方面分析棉花滩水库实施动态控制的可行性。以2010年复核的汛限水位为基础,基于实时预蓄预泄方法,根据流域的短期降水预报信息、面临时刻水情信息、工情和灾情信息,结合洪水预报,确定适用于棉花滩水库的预蓄预泄调度模型,制定水库汛限水位实时动态控制方案,并进行相应的风险分析及效益计算。此方案在不降低原设计防洪标准的前提下,可增加水库蓄水量与发电效益。     

短期降雨预报在桓仁水库汛限水位动态控制中的应用

以桓仁水库为例,分析短期降雨预报应用于汛限水位动态控制的可行性,研究了利用短期降雨预报信息进行水库汛限水位动态控制的调度方式,计算了利用降雨预报信息进行汛限水位动态控制后水库的发电效益。结果表明：利用降雨预报信息进行汛限水位动态控制后,在不增加桓仁水库防洪风险的前提下,为水库带来较大的经济效益。     

汛限水位动态控制在石门水库主汛期调度中的应用研究

在汛限水位静态控制的运行方式下常导致水库汛期不敢蓄水,汛后库水位却常常达不到正常蓄水位,极大地限制了水库兴利效益,造成水资源浪费。以石门水库为例,针对其静态汛限水位运行的现状,分析该运行方式下对水库兴利效益的影响,提出采用汛限水位动态控制的方法来提高水资源利用率。实际调度中,结合石门水库天气、水文等预报信息,采用预蓄预泄方法,分析汛限水位动态控制的上下限,给出了动态控制的调度策略,并以"20110728"洪水对比了两种调度方式。结果表明:当预报降雨或洪水偏小时,可抬高汛限水位最高至617.5 m,拦蓄洪尾,有效增加水库的蓄水量;当预报降雨或洪水偏大时,可降低汛限水位最低至610.0 m,腾空库容,迎接洪水。     

水库汛限水位动态控制研究——以海子湾水库为例

在水库实时调度过程中,汛限水位是其中一个重要环节,它直接关系到合理解决水库防洪的问题,并间接影响了水利工程的有效运行。以海子湾水库的除险加固工程为例,根据短期降雨和洪水预报信息,针对动态控制汛限水位进行了探讨研究。     

水库汛限水位动态控制研究——以海子湾水库为例

在水库实时调度过程中,汛限水位是其中一个重要环节,它直接关系到合理解决水库防洪的问题,并间接影响了水利工程的有效运行.以海子湾水库的除险加固工程为例,根据短期降雨和洪水预报信息,针对动态控制汛限水位进行了探讨研究.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.