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1.
The strength of structural loess consists of the shear strength and tensile strength. In this study, the stress path, the failure envelope of principal stress ( Kf line), and the strength failure envelope of structurally intact loess and remolded loess were analyzed through three kinds of tests: the tensile strength test, the uniaxial compressive strength test, and the conventional triaxial shear strength test. Then, in order to describe the tensile strength and shear strength of structural loess comprehensively and reasonably, a joint strength formula for structural loess was established. This formula comprehensively considers tensile and shear properties. Studies have shown that the tensile strength exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing water content. When the water content is constant, the tensile strength of the structurally intact soil is greater than that ofremolded soil. In the studies, no loss of the originally cured cohesion in the structurally intact soil samples was observed, given that the soil samples did not experience loading disturbance during the uniaxial compressive strength test, meaning there is a high initial structural strength. The results of the conventional triaxial shear strength test show that the water content is correlated with the strength of the structural loess. When the water content is low, the structural properties are strong, and when the water content is high, the structural properties are weak, which means that the water content and the ambient pressure have significant effects on the stress-strain relationship of structural loess. The established joint strength formula of structural loess effectively avoids overestimating the role of soil tensile strength in the traditional theory of Mohr-Coulomb strength.  相似文献   

2.
A Distributed Forest Wetland Hydrologic Model (DFWHM) was constructed and used to examine water dynamics in the different climates of three different watersheds (a cold region, a sub-tropic region, and a large-scale watershed). A phenological index was used to represent the seasonal and species changes of the tree canopy while processes of snow packing, soil freezing, and snow and ice thawing were also included in the simulation. In the cold region, the simulated fall of the groundwater level in winter due to soil f~eezing and rise in spring due to snow and ice melting compare well with the observed data. Because the evapotranspiration and interaction of surface water and groundwater are included in the model, the modeled seasonal trend of the groundwater level in the sub-tropic region is in agreement with observations. The comparison between modeled and observed hydrographs indicates that the simulations in the large-scale watershed managed to capture the water dynamics in unsaturated and saturatedzones.  相似文献   

3.
Numerical simulation of sediment transport and bed evolution has become an important technique in the sediment research. In this article,a numerical model of suspended sediment transport was proposed,which was established in the vertical σ coordinate for fitting the free surface and bottom. In the research of the sediment transport,the predominant factors were found to be the eddy diffusion,the settling velocity,the bed condition and so on. By the aid of the model in the article,the contribution of the Rouse parameter to the vertical profile of sediment concentration was clarified,which was identical to the theoretical results. In the comparison of the numerical results with laboratory data,the agreement between experimental data and numerical results was reached except for some data. And the possible reasons for the disagreement were discussed.  相似文献   

4.
The paper concerns with the relationship between cavitation inception and Sound Pressure Level (SPL). A case study for the Xiaolangdi Hydro-proiect was taken as a typical example, which demonstrated the standard criterion of SPL indicating cavitation inception. Cavitation inception of an orifice plate used for energy dissipation in a tunnel spillway was witnessed and verified both in model test and prototype observation. A design criterion was proposed for a cavitationfree hydraulic structure which can be served as a reference for designers as well as researchers. Consequently, scale effects were discussed with an aim at suggesting an appropriate factor of safety in design.  相似文献   

5.
《水科学与水工程》2015,8(3):217-225
A two-layer mathematical model proposed by Tong et al.(2010) was used to predict soluble chemical transfer from soil into surface runoff with ponded water on the soil surface. Infiltration-related incomplete mixing parameter g and runoff-related incomplete mixing parameter a in the analytical solution of the Tong et al.(2010) model were assumed to be constant. In this study, different laboratory experimental data of soluble chemical concentration in surface runoff from initially unsaturated and saturated soils were used to identify the variables g and a based on the analytical solution of the model. The values of g and a without occurrence of surface runoff were constant and equal to their values at the moment when the surface runoff started. It was determined from the results that g decreases with the increase of the ponded water depth, and when the initial volumetric water content is closer to the saturated water content, there is less variation of parameter g after the occurrence of surface runoff. As infiltration increases, the soluble chemical concentration in surface runoff decreases. The values of parameter a range from0 to 1 for the fine loam and sand under the controlled infiltration conditions, while it can increase to a very large value, greater than 1, for the sand under the restrained infiltration conditions, and the analytical solution of the model is not valid for experimental soil without any infiltration if a is expected to be less than or equal to 1. The soluble chemical concentrations predicted from the model with variable incomplete mixing parameters g and a are more accurate than those from the model with constant γ and a values.  相似文献   

6.
This paper presents a simplified dynamic method based on the definition of field capacity. Two soil hydraulic characteristics models, the Brooks-Corey (BC) model and the van Genuchten (vG) model, and four soil data groups were used in this study. The relative drainage rate, which is a unique parameter and independent of the soil type in the simplified dynamic method, was analyzed using the pressure-based method with a matric potential of -1/3 bar and the flux-based method with a drainage flux of 0.005 cm/d. As a result, the relative drainage rate of the simplified dynamic method was determined to be 3% per day. This was verified by the similar field capacity results estimated with the three methods for most soils suitable for cultivating plants. In addition, the drainage time calculated with the simplified dynamic method was two to three days, which agrees with the classical definition of field capacity. We recommend the simplified dynamic method with a relative drainage rate of 3% per day due to its simple application and clearly physically-based concept.  相似文献   

7.
Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.  相似文献   

8.
The land subsidence due to groundwater exploitation has an obvious hysteretic nature with respect to the decrease of the under groundwater level,and the uneven settlement often causes ground fissures.To study these important features,a visco-elasticplastic constitutive relationship with consideration of the coupling of seepage and soil deformation is proposed,and a finite element model with variable coefficients based on the Biot’s consolidation theory is built.With the groundwater exploitation and the land subsidence control in Cangzhou City,Hebei Province as an example,the variations of the under groundwater level and the development of the land subsidence due to the groundwater exploitation are simulated and ground fissures are predicted by the horizontal displacement calculation.The results show that the lag time between the land subsidence and the under groundwater level descent is about a month,and the simulated results of fissures agree well with the observed data.The model can well reveal the characterization of the interaction between the land subsidence and the groundwater exploitation.  相似文献   

9.
A model for heat and mass transfer in a natural-draft wet cooling tower was established. Numerical simulation with the κ-ε turbulent model was conducted. Distribution rules of air inlet aerodynamic field were studied. Field experiments were done in a cooling tower in power plant, and the test data was compared with the related results. The definition of characteristic air velocity was proposed and its influencing factors, such as the cross-wind velocity and circumferential angle, were quantitatively studied. It can be used to evaluate the performance of cooling tower and to calculate the ventilation quantity and resistance of air inlet. It is also a theoretical basis for cooling tower design and performance optimization.  相似文献   

10.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER OBSTRUCTION   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
A two-dimensional hybrid numerical model, FEM-LES-VOF, for free surface flows is proposed in this study, which is a combination of three-step Taylor-Galerkin finite element method, large eddy simulation with the Smagorinsky sub-grid model and Computational Lagrangian-Eulerian Advection Remap Volume of Fluid (CLEAR-VOF) method. The present FEM-LES-VOF model allows the fluid flows involving violent free surface and turbulence subject to complex boundary configuration to be simulated in a straightforward manner with unstructured grids in the context of finite element method. Numerical simulation of a benchmark problem of dam breaking is conducted to verify the present model. Comparisons with experimental data show that the proposed model works well and is capable of producing reliable predictions for free surface flows. Using the FEM-LES-VOF model, the free surface flow over a semi-circular obstruction is investigated. The simulation results are compared with available experimental and numerical results. Good performance of the FEM-LES-VOF model is demonstrated again. Moreover, the numerical studies show that the turbulence plays an important role in the evolution of free surface when the reflected wave propagates upstream during the fluid flow passing the submerged obstacle.  相似文献   

11.
Hoek-Brown强度准则是岩土工程领域应用最为广泛的强度准则之一,但其最初只适用于各向同性岩体。通过将层状复合岩体考虑为横观各向同性材料,引入各向异性状态参数(被定义为材料微观结构偏张量与标准化偏应力张量之间的联合不变量),并将该参数与Hoek-Brown强度准则耦合,建立了层状复合岩体的强度准则。结合干燥和饱和状态下的千枚岩、板岩和沉积石英岩的三轴试验结果对计算结果进行验证,结果表明改进的Hoek-Brown准则能较好地预测层状复合岩体的破坏强度。  相似文献   

12.
横观各向同性土强度与破坏准则的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
建立横观各向同性土的破坏准则必须考虑其应力水平和材料横观各向同性的综合影响。本文通过分析横观各向同性土的试验规律,基于横观各向同性土的强度随SMP面(空间滑动面)和沉积面的夹角减小而变小这一假设,建立横观各向同性土的峰值强度表达式。提出了一个关于横观各向同性土的峰值强度和应力张量函数的各向异性变换应力张量。在各向异性变换应力空间,横观各向同性土体被认为是各向同性材料。将变换应力与SMP准则结合,建立了横观各向同性土的三维破坏准则。分别采用具有横观各向同性的 Santa Monica 海滩砂土和 San Francisco 海湾黏土真三轴试验数据验证了该破坏准则的合理性。预测结果与试验结果的对比表明,本文提出的横观各向同性破坏准则能够合理的描述横观各向同性对土体强度特性的影响。  相似文献   

13.
建立横观各向同性土的破坏准则必须考虑其应力水平和材料横观各向同性的综合影响。本文通过分析横观各向同性土的试验规律,基于横观各向同性土的强度随SMP面(空间滑动面)和沉积面的夹角减小而变小这一假设,建立横观各向同性土的峰值强度表达式。提出了一个关于横观各向同性土的峰值强度和应力张量函数的各向异性变换应力张量。在各向异性变换应力空间,横观各向同性土体被认为是各向同性材料。将变换应力与SMP准Fra则nc结isc合o,海建湾立黏了土横真观三各轴向试同验性数土据的验三证维了破该坏破准坏则准。则分的别合采理用性具。有预横测观结各果向与同试性验的结S果an的ta对M比oni表ca明海,滩本砂文土提和出S的an横观各向同性破坏准则能够合理地描述横观各向同性对土体强度特性的影响。  相似文献   

14.
为研究各向异性条件下原状黄土的变形及强度特性,针对取自北京市郊某施工现场原状黄土试样,在保持土样天然含水率条件下,分别对水平方向和竖直方向原状土样开展了固结不排水和固结排水三轴剪切试验。试验结果表明:试验用原状黄土黏粒含量相对较低,砂粒含量则偏高;其抗剪强度在水平方向和竖直方向表现出明显的各向异性。对于固结不排水试验,竖直方向的内摩擦角和黏聚力均大于水平方向,当增大围压时,水平方向和竖直方向试样的最大偏应力以及破坏应变值都呈上升趋势;对于固结排水试验,竖直方向的内摩擦角大于水平方向,而黏聚力则是水平方向大于竖直方向,当增大围压时,水平方向和竖直方向试样的最大偏应力都呈上升趋势,水平方向试样的破坏应变值呈上升趋势,然而竖直方向的试样则呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势。  相似文献   

15.
通过饱和软粘土循环三轴与循环扭剪试验,研究了循环应力作用下饱和软粘土不固结不排水强度的变化。结果表明,当循环破坏次数给定后,饱和软粘土的不固结不排水循环强度取决于试验土样受到的静剪(偏)应力,与其受到的围压力无关;当作用在试样上的静剪应力比(静偏应力比)从0.3变化至0.6时,饱和软粘土循环强度也逐渐增大;进一步依据Mises破坏准则,通过分析循环扭剪试验确定的循环剪切强度与循环三轴试验确定的循环压缩强度之间的关系,阐明了循环荷载作用下饱和软粘土不固结不排水强度满足Mises破坏准则。依据本文研究结论,可以通过特定试验建立描述一般应力状态饱和软粘土单元不固结不排水循环强度的变化关系。  相似文献   

16.
通过循环三轴与循环扭剪试验,研究了饱和软黏土不固结不排水循环强度的变化。结果表明:当循环破坏次数给定后,饱和软黏土的不固结不排水循环强度取决于土单元受到的静剪 (偏) 应力,与其受到的围压无关;当作用在土单元上的静剪 (偏) 应力比从0.3变化至0.6时,饱和软黏土循环强度也逐渐增大。进一步,通过分析循环扭剪试验确定的循环剪切强度与循环三轴试验确定的循环压缩强度之间的关系,阐明了循环应力作用下饱和软黏土不固结不排水强度满足Mises破坏准则。依据本文研究结论,可以通过特定试验建立描述一般应力状态饱和软黏土单元不固结不排水循环强度的变化关系。  相似文献   

17.
基于颗粒流模型对各向同性和落雨法两种不同初始状态的颗粒材料细观参数和应力进行研究,建立了细观组构、接触力、主应力比之间的表达式。通过数值离散元程序模拟了上述两种不同初始状态钢珠的室内三轴试验。结果表明:两者应力应变曲线基本一致;各向同性试样组构初始为均匀分布的球体,落雨法试样初始组构略呈椭球体,随着加载两种试样内颗粒配位数先增加后减小,水平面内和竖直面内组构减少且面内主轴发生偏转,试样破坏后的组构张量表现为花生状椭球体;法向接触力张量表现出与组构变化相似的规律,宏观上接触力的影响数值上大于组构张量,试样破坏后法向接触力张量空间分布呈现出更明显的两端和水平面内凹陷的花生状椭球体,且面内主轴有偏转。由莫尔库仑准则得出颗粒材料内摩擦角与组构、接触力细观参数表达式,并进行了验证,因此,可通过细观参数得出颗粒材料宏观内摩擦角。  相似文献   

18.
黏土的各向异性边界面模型   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
魏星  黄茂松 《水利学报》2006,37(7):831-837
基于临界状态理论和边界面本构理论,通过引入各向异性张量建立各向异性的边界面和硬化法则,提出了一个可考虑初始各向异性和诱发各向异性对黏土应力应变行为影响的本构模型。黏土的初始各向异性由不等向的固结过程产生,因此假定各向异性张量的初始值可由初始应力状态确定,并且提出了一个由塑性体应变和塑性剪应变共同决定的各向异性张量的演化规律来描述在后续应力作用下土的各向异性的变化(诱发各向异性)。文中对具有不同初始固结应力状态的多组高岭土试样的三轴试验结果进行了模拟,吻合较好。  相似文献   

19.
余周武  王小威 《人民长江》2018,49(11):57-63
针对层状岩体的各向异性强度特征,基于带拉伸截止限的摩尔库伦准则,建立了综合考虑岩体和层面强度的各向异性强度准则,并且还考虑了岩体损伤对其强度的影响,给出了该强度模型的有限元实现方法,并据此专门编写了相应的Fortran有限元程序。将该模型应用于某水电站地下厂房三维有限元开挖计算中,研究了层状岩体各向异性强度对地下厂房围岩稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:与各向同性强度准则相比,考虑层状岩体各向异性强度后洞室围岩的应力和变形分别增加了1.4 MPa和20 mm左右,总的破坏量增加了8.7%。与现场监测数据的对比表明,考虑层状岩体各向异性强度进行地下洞室围岩稳定性分析更加合理。  相似文献   

20.
为建立土质边坡失稳的微观机理和宏观位移之间的关系,应用有限元强度折减法,分析了失稳过程中土质边坡土体单元应力状态和整体稳定性的联系,定义了边坡渐进破坏时潜在滑动面上土体单元的应力差;分别采用塑性应变区贯通、特征点位移突变、应力差等不同失稳判据对均质土坡的稳定性进行判断分析,验证了不同边坡失稳判据间的一致性与统一性。通过单因素敏感性分析方法,分析了边坡几何参数(坡高、坡比)与物理力学参数(弹性模量、重度、黏聚力、内摩擦角和泊松比等)对极限状态下边坡坡顶水平位移的影响;结合归一化变量的变异系数法,构建了以变形量为基础,同时考虑几何因素与物理因素的土质边坡归一化失稳判据,提出了边坡稳定性的评价方法。  相似文献   

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