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正Water Science and Engineering(WSE),founded in 2008,is a scientific and technical periodical published qualerly in English and distributed globally.The journal is sponsored by Hohai University and the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of China.Aims and Scope WSE aims to promote international exchange of academic and technical research in water science and water engineering.It focuses     

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PRESSURE AND CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH VELOCITY FLOW OVER A CYLINDRICAL PROTRUSION IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF AERATION

This article experimentally investigated the pressure and cavitation characteristics of high velocity flow over a surface irregularity with and without aeration in a non-circulating water tunnel system. The surface irregularity is a cylindrical protrusion made of stainless steel of 6 mm diameter and 2 mm height. Pressures with and without aeration were measured with MPX400D pressure transducers and real-timely acquired by a SINOCERA YE6263 data acquisition system. Variations in flow regimes with and without aeration were observed. Pressure profiles and their variations with air concentration upper and lower cylindrical protrusion on the invert and obvert walls were determined. Variations of cavitation number with air concentration lower cylindrical protrusion were analyzed. Also, cavitation numbers in the presence and absence of aeration were compared.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEAN AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMPINGING DENSITY JET IN A CONFINED CROSSFLOW IN NEAR FIELD

The three-dimensional mean and turbulence characteristics of an impinging density jet in a confined crossflow were numerically investigated using the RNG turbulence model. The comparison of the subregion structures and gross features between the numerical results and the experimental data show good agreement. The velocity, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and concentration distributions of the impinging jet in near field were obtained and analyzed. The results indicate that the flow and concentration fields of the impinging jet in the crossflow exhibit distinguished three-dimensionality in the near field. There exist upstream wall vortices and downstream wall jet zones in the impinging region, and the TKE and concentration decays are asymmetrical in relation to the stagnation point. The lateral concentration distributionrange in the impinging region spreads considerably. The enhanced entrainment and mixing of the impinging jet in the confined crossflow are mostly associated with the impinging action and lateral expansion in the impinging region. The presence of the bottom wall restrains the formation of the spanwise rollers in the transverse jet region and vertical entrainment and mixing in the impinging region and the transition region.     

LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATIONS OF TRIAGULAR CAVITY FLOW AND FREE-SURFACE PROBLEMS

The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was investigated to solve triangular cavity flow and free-surface problems in hydraulic dynamics. Some cases of triangular cavity flow and backward step flow were simulated to show the efficiency and stability of this method. Two-dimensional partial dam breaking problem and the propagation and diffraction of dam-break wave around rectangular and circular cylinder were numerically studied successfully. Excellent agreement was obtained between numerical predictions and available results.     

英文文摘

Static blasting technology is characterized with obvious safety and reliability , strong adaptability and wide application. In addition , proper parameters are determined based on breaking agent performance so as to split and cut rocks and concrete in designed way. In this way , safety risk is significantly reduced and operation controllability is improved . This technology is successfully applied in construction of public works and reconstruction of bridge project with rich experiences and is worthy of promotion and application.     

Information for Authors

<正>Water Science and Engineering(WSE),founded in 2008,is a scientific and technical periodical published quarterly in English and distributed globally.The journal is sponsored by Hohai University and the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of China.Aims and Scope WSE aims to promote international exchange of academic and technical research in water science and water engineering.It     

Information for Authors

正Hater Science and Engineering (WSE), founded in 2008, is a scientific and technical periodical published quaterly in English and distributed globally. The journal is sponsored by Hohai University and the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of China.Aims and Scope WSE aims to promote international exchange of academic and technical resezarch in water science and water engineering. It focuses on new concepts, theories, methods, and techniques related to water     

Information for Authors

正Water Science and Engineering(WSE),founded in 2008,is a scientific and technical periodical published quaterly in English and distributed globally.The journal is sponsored by Hohai University and the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of China.Aims and Scope WSE aims to promote international exchange of academic and technical research in water science and water engineering.It focuses on new concepts,theories,methods,and techniques related to water     

Information for Authors

正Water Science and Engineering(WSE).founded in 2008,is a scientific and technical periodical published quaterly in English and distributed globally.The journal is sponsored by Hohai University and the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of China.Aims and Scope WSE aims to promote international exchange of academic and technical research in water science and water engineering.It focuses on new concepts,theories,methods,and techniques related to water     

REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF A PLANAR SOLITARY WAVE

Reflection and transmission of a planar solitary wave by a 2-D cylinder areinvestigated by matched asymptotic method.Boussinesq equations are the governingequations in the outer field and described by finite difference method.In thenear field the governing equation is Laplace equation which is expressed,for asquare cylinder,in eigenfunctions in different regions.The outer and inner solu-tions are matched and solved by iteration.As an example,the time history of thechange of forces and moment and the evolution of the transmitted and reflectedwaves are given.     

河滩种树对行洪影响试验研究

对宽滩和窄滩河槽的过流能力以及滩地种树的漫滩水流水力特性进行了研究表明：像珠江三角洲网河这样的窄滩复式河槽，滩地种树对水位的影响不大，也不会影响滩地的槽蓄滞洪作用，但种树使滩地水流归槽，主槽流速增大；滩地种树的利和弊及对行洪的影响是多方面的，应视具体情况分析。     

Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamics of riparian vegetation

Recently, many channelized rivers tend to be heavily vegetated due to regime shifts in hydrological, fluvial and ecological processes. Dense vegetation in a river frequently obstructs a flood flow and reduces conveyance capacity of channels. On the other hand, river vegetation provides various ecological services such as habitats for various species and life, natural cycle of organic and inorganic substances, etc.. It is of engineering importance to understand vegetation hydrodynamics in order to preserve vegetation nature and keep a certain level of flow conveyance capacity. In view that willows tend to be densely vegetated along the shoreline of floodplains or sandbars, a field measurement, a physical model experiment and a numerical analysis were carried out for investigating hydrodynamics in an open channel with riparian vegetation. Discussion was made focusing on flow and shear layer structures developed around the vegetation canopy.     

大洪水条件下黄河下游河道冲淤及滩区安全

在大洪水期行洪滞洪沉沙是黄河下游宽滩区的主要功能之一。近十几年来,随着黄河水沙的变化和小浪底水库的建成运用,对宽滩区运用方式的争论更为激烈,却一直缺乏系统的对比研究。为此,黄科院利用小浪底至陶城铺河道实体模型,采用2013年汛前地形,开展了黄河下游宽滩区是否修建防护堤两种不同运用方式下,大洪水期的洪水演进试验,通过对比分析不同运用方式下的下游河道在冲淤演变、洪水位变化和滩区防洪安全等方面的问题,探讨了大洪水条件下黄河下游河道冲淤及滩区的安全形势,以期为黄河下游河道治理措施的决策提供科学的参考依据。结果表明,宽滩区修建防护堤后,中常高含沙洪水条件下主槽淤积量小于不修防护堤方案,大洪水条件下主槽冲刷量大于不修防护堤方案,说明主槽过流能力和输沙能力均有所增大。但是,修建防护堤后的嫩滩淤积量,两种洪水条件下均呈现出明显大于不修防护堤方案,河道的横断面形态和"二级悬河"形势均有所恶化。同时,由于目前地形条件下夹河滩以上河段主河槽过流能力达到了6 000m3/s,洪水向下游的演进速度和水量明显增加,导致高村以下的洪水位比不修防护堤时显著提升,增大了高村以下河段的防洪压力,滩区的防洪安全受到严重威胁。     

复式断面河流洪水的水流特性

本文描述了复式断面河流洪水的水流特性，并用流体力学的基本理论加以论证。在各国学者对复式断面洪水研究成果的基础上，建立了亲的能量耗散的理论模型。     

"宽河固堤,窄河弱防"治理黄河下游宽河道

对黄河下游宽河道现状进行了分析，认为：应采取“宽河固堤，窄河弱防，整治中水河槽”方略治理黄河下游宽河道，在强力推进标准化堤防和完善现有河道整治工程前提下，进一步缩窄河道，修建抵御8000m^3／s流量的滩区堤防；利用模型试验、移动组合式导流坝和超低潜坝技术，探索和进行小水河槽整治，提高滩区安全保障能力和控导工程对于中、小水的约束与控制作用，提高中、小水流的河道输沙能力，构建以堤防和河道整治工程为主体的排洪输沙体系，实现黄河下游河道的长期相对稳定和长治久安。     

Hydraulic study of a two-stage river channel

Many regulated rivers have compound or two-stage cross-sections consisting of a deep main channel flanked by one or two floodplains. Existing methods of assessing discharge capacity in such channels can lead to serious errors, and hence there is a need for the acquisition of flow data to validate models suggested as improvements to existing methods. Stage and discharge data, under both steady and unsteady conditions, were collected from a reach of the River Main in Northern Ireland, which has been reconstructed for flood defence purposes to form a two-stage channel. The data were analysed using a steady flow computational model to yield water surface profiles and values of Manning's resistance coefficient at various flow depths. The complex nature of flow resistance in two-stage channels is demonstrated. Unsteady stage hydrographs were linked to a computational model which illustrates the magnitude of errors incurred in applying conventional methods of discharge estimation in compound rivers.     

Not all breaks are equal: Variable hydrologic and geomorphic responses to intentional levee breaches along the lower Cosumnes River,California

The transport of water and sediment from rivers to adjacent floodplains helps generate complex floodplain, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. However, riverside levees restrict lateral connectivity of water and sediment during flood pulses, making the re‐introduction of floodplain hydrogeomorphic processes through intentional levee breaching and removal an emerging floodplain restoration practice. Repeated topographic observations from levee breach sites along the lower Cosumnes River (USA) indicated that breach architecture influences floodplain and channel hydrogeomorphic processes. Where narrow breaches (<75 m) open onto graded floodplains, archetypal crevasse splays developed along a single dominant flowpath, with floodplain erosion in near‐bank areas and lobate splay deposition in distal floodplain regions. Narrow breaches opening into excavated floodplain channels promoted both transverse advection and turbulent diffusion of sediment into the floodplain channel, facilitating near‐bank deposition and potential breach closure. Wide breaches (>250 m) enabled multiple modes of water and sediment transport onto graded floodplains. Advective sediment transport along multiple flow paths generated overlapping crevasse splays, while turbulent diffusion promoted the formation of lateral levees through large wood and sediment accumulation in near‐bank areas. Channel incision (>2 m) upstream from a wide levee breach suggests that large flow diversions through such breaches can generate water surface drawdown during flooding, resulting in localized flow acceleration and upstream channel incision. Understanding variable hydrogeomorphic responses to levee breach architecture will help restoration managers design breaches that maximize desired floodplain topographic change while also minimizing potential undesirable consequences such as levee breach closure or channel incision.     

淹没状态下河道植物偏斜高度与糙率的关系

利用室内变坡水槽,模拟了复式河道滩地3种植物对漫滩水流的干扰作用,并借助声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)施测了不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了不同条件下的河道糙率。基于水动力及植物柔性变形分析,建立了淹没状态下的植物河道糙率计算的基本关系,反映出糙率值不仅与水流动力条件有关,还与植物类型、淹没高度、布置及其自身力学性能有关,同时,利用试验资料及理论分析成果,进一步获取了植物河道的附加糙率值,借此分析与评价河道植物对水流阻力的影响程度。     

Analysis of One-Dimensional Modelling for Flood Routing in Compound Channels

In this paper a number of hydraulic aspects concerning the flood routing in compound channels are discussed. In particular, attention is firstly focused on the management of boundary conditions for compound channel flow when 1D modelling is used. In this context, the characteristics theory was used to obtain the complete expression of the eigenvalues of the system and the consequences of the simplification associated to the commonly-used approximation were highlighted. The analysis has shown that the number of physical conditions to be imposed at the boundaries is influenced not only by the Boussinesq coefficient but also by its derivative over the water level. The second part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of unsteady flow simulations. Attention was focused on the role played by the lateral momentum transfer, between main channel and floodplains, within the 1D flood propagation model. In particular, the simulations showed that significant differences may occur between the traditional approach and the methods able to take into account the momentum transfer mechanisms.     

Study on Conveyance Coefficient Influenced by Momentum Exchange Under Steady and Unsteady Flows in Compound Open Channels

Water Resources Management - Many natural compound channels with differential stages play a vital role during high flow events in real-time. When a flood occurs, and water flows into floodplains,...