水利水电工程抗空蚀材料研究新进展

从金属材料、掺混高分子聚合物的脆性材料、IPN类材料三个方面叙述了抗空蚀材料研究的新进展 ,分别探讨了各自抵抗空蚀作用的机理。在总结这些成果的基础上 ,对今后抗蚀材料的研究 ,提出了一些新的观点和建议。     

一类IPN材料的抗蚀耐磨性能分析

本文从分子水平上对环氧树脂／聚氨酯（ＥＰ／ＰＵ）互穿形成的半ＩＰＮ材料的玻璃化转变温度、阻尼性能、力学性能、表面与断口形态特征进行了微相结构分析。结果表明，这类ＩＰＮ材料通过分子链的形变吸收、传递和耗散外应力，延缓了网络的疲劳破坏，因而具有良好的抗蚀耐磨性能。     

新型IPN防腐涂料在武汉研究成功

一种新型IPN防腐涂料由武汉市现代工业技术研究所研究成功，该涂料采用了目前世界上最新型的高分子体系——能常温固化的高分子互穿网络体系，简称为IPN。这种涂料主要由环氧、聚氨酯、聚酯、烯烃聚合物组成，不同的聚合物之间自交联，互锁成网络，比单一的环氧、聚氨酯或烯烃类聚合物的性能成倍地提高，施工使用方便，涂料的固体份高，在同等厚度涂层情况下，单位面积涂料使用量较其它溶剂型涂料品种少20％左右。该涂料作为防腐涂料有其独到的优点，它能在带锈的钢铁件表面直接进行涂装，其涂料属反应型双组份液态材料，涂装时因其分子…     

HF粉煤灰混凝土与普通混凝土抗冲耐磨性能试验研究

在依据水力冲刷原理和文丘里原理设计的材料抗冲磨机以及空蚀发生器上，研究了不同流速、不同含沙量水流条件下HF粉煤灰混凝土和普通C30混凝土抗冲耐磨和抗空蚀性能。试验结果表明HF粉煤灰混凝土及普通C30混凝土抗冲耐磨和抗空蚀性能随冲刷水流介质条件的变化而变化，以及具有较高抗压强度的HF粉煤灰混凝土抗冲耐磨和抗空蚀性能明显优于强度相对较低的C30普通混凝土这一事实。     

金属材料的抗空蚀性能与应变能间的关系

空蚀是空化水流的破坏能力和材料的抗空蚀能力的综合结果。空蚀问题涉及流体动力学、材料学和物理化学,三者者互关联。影响空蚀的因素主要有流动特征、液体性质和材料性能。迄今为止,人们通常用金属材料的硬度来衡量材料的抗空蚀性能。但是,     

HF粉煤灰混凝土与普通混凝土抗冲耐磨性能试验研究

在依据水力冲刷原理和文丘里原理设计的材料抗冲磨机以及空蚀发生器上,研究了不同流速、不同含沙量水流条件下HF粉煤灰混凝土和普通C30混凝土抗冲耐磨和抗空蚀性能。试验结果表明HF粉煤灰混凝土及普通C30混凝土抗冲耐磨和抗空蚀性能随冲刷水流介质条件的变化而变化,以及具有较高抗压强度的HF粉煤灰混凝土抗冲耐磨和抗空蚀性能明显优于强度相对较低的C30普通混凝土这一事实。     

弹性边界附近空化泡迁移和周期特性试验研究

抗空蚀材料的应用极大提高了泄水建筑物的过流性能和使用寿命,是减轻空蚀破坏最有效途径之一.针对目前关于弹性材料抗空蚀特性的机理研究尚有欠缺的问题,为了研究弹性材料如何减免空蚀破坏并探索潜在的弹性抗空蚀材料,着眼于细观层面的空化泡和弹性材料相互作用,通过低压直流放电诱发空化泡试验,研究了拉伸弹性模量范围和压缩弹性模量范围分...     

聚合物抗磨蚀材料的研究与应用

在高速含沙水流情况下,水轮机和过水建筑物的磨损和空蚀在理论上是不能排除的,但可以人为的将其破坏作用减轻。研究抗磨蚀材料即为此目的。聚合物(树脂等)抗磨蚀材料是当今世界正在开发的水工抗磨蚀材料。长江科学院研究的UP、PE两种树脂混凝土(砂浆)的抗磨损性能和YHR-1、YHR-2两种树脂涂层材料的抗空蚀性能,不仅从室内试验、(?)江口模拟试验和葛洲坝现场试验得到证明,而且在葛洲坝工程实际应用中也取得良好效果。在此基础上,针对三峡工程,研究性能更好的抗磨蚀材料是当务之急。     

喷涂聚脲弹性体技术解决泄水建筑物空蚀破坏的应用初探

随着经济和技术的发展,水利水电工程中的泄水建筑物也呈现出高水头、大流量的趋势,随之面临的泄水建筑物的高速水流空蚀破坏问题也更加突出。本文通过分析当前泄水建筑物设计中空蚀问题的解决手段,提出通过将过流面结构细分为两个功能层分别承担结构任务和抗空蚀破坏的思路,分析作为抗空蚀的表层材料应具有的性能,并列举了新型材料技术—喷涂聚脲弹性体的力学和施工性能,认为喷涂聚脲弹性体材料具有作为泄水建筑过流表面防护层的力学和施工性能,值得深入研究开发。     

水力机械抗空蚀涂层研究进展

空蚀是水力机械最常见的失效形式,广泛存在于水轮机、水泵等水力机械过流部件中。抗空蚀材料的研发和应用能够有效解决空蚀问题。对抗空蚀涂层的分析和研究,有助于研究人员更方便快捷地了解各类涂层的特点,并针对不同空蚀工况提出行之有效的解决途径。阐述了流体机械过流部件空蚀的形成机理及其影响因素,综述了耐磨蚀涂层技术的研究现状和进展,评述了热喷涂、堆焊、激光熔覆和聚氨酯等不同类型涂层的优缺点,指出将材料的抗空蚀性能和抗空蚀机理有机结合,是解决空蚀问题的有效途径。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。