水流流经垂直式静水池流场三维数值模拟

该文研究利用三维的纳维-斯托克斯(N-S)模式,模拟在固定入流流量下不同静水池长度,所对应的滑流、水舌流与周期性振荡流三种流况。借助与文献的实验数据和二维模式结果在中央水面线和振荡流周期的比对,验证了该研究三维模式的正确性。文中尝试从流场涡旋结构去探讨这三种流况的流场力学机制与特性,尤其是周期振荡过程中静水池区两个涡旋的消长变化。最后讨论了流动特征、消能效率与底床剪应力分布,以进一步了解水流流经垂直式静水池流场的三维效应。     

竖井及跌水池体形参数对井喷的影响

基于排水系统三维数值模型,研究了不同上下游管道直径比和相对高度、跌水池以及竖井体形参数对井喷压力及强度的影响。模拟结果表明:较小的上下游管道相对高度会导致上游管道内的水流流态为满管流,在上游流量快速增加时会产生较大的井喷压力;减小下游管道直径将会限制进入下游管道的水流流量,进而造成更为严重的井喷事件;跌水池总体积不变情况下增加跌水池高度能够在一定程度上缓解井喷压力;增加竖井的长度对井喷压力影响较小,但会减少喷射水量,增加竖井直径会导致井喷压力先增大后减小。     

收缩墩与跌坎消力池水力特性的试验研究

为探究解决跌坎型消力池在大单宽、低弗劳德数条件下引起的振荡型水跃问题,进行了跌坎型消力池和收缩墩与跌坎型消力池两类消能工试验,对比分析了试验的流态、流速和压强分布规律。试验结果表明,加设收缩墩后,入池射流破坏了表面水流与水垫层剪切形成的大幅度振荡波动,有效地解决了振荡型水跃问题,降低了水流对底板的冲击压力。     

跌水跌井设计方案复核及优化措施

为论证引江济淮工程(安徽段)菜子湖段跌水跌井布置形式合理性及消能效果,进而评价河道交汇水流对船舶运行安全的影响,文章通过跌水跌井消能效果和汇流口水流通航条件等两个方面的问题,采用三维数值模拟为主,结合理论分析方法,分析典型跌水跌井初步设计方案的合理性及可能存在的问题,对设计方案进行复核并优化结构物布置形式,改善了跌水跌井泄流和河道通航安全性能,为类似跌水跌井体型设计和施工提供参考依据。     

基于VOF法的自由跌水水力特性研究

自由跌水的上下游水位差导致下游的水流特性与上游存在较大差异,下游回流区的切应力分布和压力分布与河床局部冲刷、河床稳定密切相关,但是较少涉及两者因素的综合影响。然而,切应力的测量难度较大。近年来,数值计算被广泛采用和认可。因此,基于体积分数法(VOF法)和三维水动力学模型,数值研究了佛汝德数Fr=1.74来流的明渠自由跌水。通过分析切应力和压力分布后可知,最大压力分布区和切应力分布区并未在同一区域,分别位于水流冲击区和冲击区下游,可为相关研究提供借鉴。     

引江济淮工程江淮沟通段杨大庄跌水三维数值模拟研究

为解决引江济淮跌水、跌井汇流口水流水力特性模拟问题,采用基于 VOF 法的 RNG k-ε 双方程紊流数学模型对杨大庄跌水工程进行三维数值模拟研究,通过计算结果与已经完成的水工模型试验结果相对比,验证该模型模拟杨大庄跌水工程水流的水力特性的可行性。 研究结果表明：通过合理的处理网格及计算参数,杨大庄跌水水流入渠的流态、流速分布及水位数值模拟结果整体与试验值吻合较好,说明利用该模型模拟杨大庄跌水工程水流的水力特性是可行的,数学模型可用于指导和解决类似工程问题。     

跌坎型底流消能工冲击区时均动水压强计算与试验研究

应用平面紊动射流理论,对跌坎型底流消能工消力池内水流流态进行分区,并分析了冲击区水流结构。同时根据动能势能转化原理,采用坐标转换的数学方法,推导出跌坎型底流消能工冲击区时均压强的经验公式。最后,利用水力学模型试验,验证了该公式的合理性,并通过改变入池能量、入射角度、跌砍深度等条件,分析了跌坎型底流消能工冲击区时均压强的变化规律。     

宽尾墩对跌坎底流消能影响的试验研究

针对跌坎底流消能在下游水位变幅较大的电站中的泄流消能问题,结合赛格电站进行了模型试验研究,从消力池的水流流态、临底流速以及底板时均冲击压力三方面详细地分析了宽尾墩对跌坎底流消能的影响。试验结果表明,宽尾墩改善了跌坎底流消力池内的水流流态,降低了消力池内的临底流速和时均压力,较好地解决了跌坎底流消能不能适应下游水位变幅较大这类工程的泄洪消能的缺陷。     

洞庭湖响水坎险滩的演变及成因分析

应用遥感地质和水动力演变分析法，分析了洞庭湖响水坎滩险的成因．探讨了影响湖区跌坎形成的水文和地质因素、水动力学条件及跌坎上、下游河床演变情况．地层岩性与沉积厚度的突变、地质构造单元分布等，是响水坎形成原始河床跌坎的内在原因，原始跌坎是出现跌水的前提，河湖边界及水流动力作用是跌水存在的外在条件，河湖水文组合决定了响水坎滩段是否碍航．     

跌差和流量对跌水长度的影响

通过对现实中单级自由跌水现象的模拟,建立物理模型试验,进行不同跌差以及多种小流量的交叉试验,得到了跌差以及流量变化与跌水长度的关系:随着跌差的提高,跌水长度变大;随着流量变小,跌水长度变小;跌差和流量与跌水长度成正比关系。并对影响跌水的因素做出综合分析,提出未来关于跌水方面的研究方向。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。