Effect of the design of a tangential vortex generator on the characteristics of the involuted flow and carrying capacity of a spillway

Conclusions An involuting device in the form of a tangential vortex flow generator is the basic element of a vortex spillway, which defines the carrying capacity, the degree of flooding of the shaft, and the current regime of the involuted flow in the diversion tunnel of the spillway. The procedure employed for hydraulic calculation of vortex spillways with the vortex flow generators under consideration makes it possible to determine rather completely all basic characteristics of the involuted flow and on this basis, assume a serviceable design for the spillway on the whole. It is obvious that the problem concerning the influence exerted by aeration in shaft spillways on the characteristics of the involuted flow (kinematic, hydrodynamic) and the hydraulic losses of the elements of the spillway will be the subject of future research. Moreover, there are no data sufficient for predicting the development of cavitation in vortex generators with different geometric parameters. At the same time, experimental cavitation-erosion investigations for conditions encountered at the Rogun vortex spillway, which were performed at the MGUP, indicated that the cavitation flare, which is disturbed from the edge of the vortex generator, is steadily closed within the flow and does not present a risk from the standpoint of cavitation erosion. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 24–27, February, 1999.     

Transport of Contaminants with Boiler Water Steam

A method for determining coefficients of distribution of contaminants between boiler water and steam generated in boilers and steam generators of nuclear power plants, which is based on standard thermodynamic dissociation constants, is presented. Appropriate analytical dependences are given for hydroxides of metals used in the power industry for pressures of 40, 87.5, and 155 kgf/cm² (3.9, 8.6, and 15.2 MPa). __________ Translated from Elektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July 2005, pp. 38 – 39.     

溢洪道底板空蚀发生位置及抗空蚀措施分析

以肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程为例,通过水工模型试验,测试其设计水位工况下和泄洪消能标准水位工况下溢洪道泄洪时底板的流速及压力分布,并根据空化理论模型对其底板沿程空化数进行了计算。结果表明:可以通过溢洪道流速特性和底板压力分布来分析过流面的空化空蚀特点;在实际工程中,可采用优化过流面的体形、设置掺气减蚀设施、控制溢流面的不平整度以及使用抗空蚀材料等方法来防止空化和空蚀的发生。     

Installation of molten-metal seals in steam-turbine valves

Gaps in valves between the stems and boxes are a source of rather large steam and heat losses in power-generating steam turbines. A unique development of specialists employed by the Vserossiiskii Teplotekhnicheskii Institut — superairtight seals (SAS) with composite materials, which permit reliable sealing of valves with minimal friction within the system—is presented. Investigations conducted have indicated that the proposed type of SAS is capable of sealing gaps in valves with steam parameters of 29.75 MPa (300 kgf/cm²) and 600°C. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 1, January, 2007, pp. 35–37.     

水流掺气对明流泄洪洞及挑坎水力特性的影响

水流充分掺气可以避免高流速泄洪设施发生空蚀,但也会改变相关水力特性。通过对某大坝泄洪洞掺气设施水力模型试验及关于水流表面自掺气发生条件的相关分析,提出了在全程流速超过38 m/s,长度达550 m的明流洞内仅布置一级掺气设施的建议,较通常情况减少了两级;并针对泄洪洞出流方向与河道流向交角达60°的特点,研究提出了一种大差动异型鼻坎消能工。水工模型试验成果表明,其挑流水舌沿河道纵向扩散良好,水舌外缘与河道对岸保持了30 m以上的安全距离。该泄洪洞建成后经历了高水头、较长时间的泄洪运行,明流洞和鼻坎消能工均无空蚀发生,但挑坎水舌却冲刷到对岸边坡。     

Spillway with nappe aeration

Conclusion Investigations showed that aeration of the flow by jump-off aerators is a simple, reliable, and economic means of protecting the overflow surface against cavitation erosion or suppressing it on an operating structure. Flow aeration can be regulated by the size of the jump-off aerators and change of the capacity of the air-supply system. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 16–20, May, 1973.     

锦屏一级水电站泄洪洞的掺气减蚀及消能防冲问题

锦屏一级水电站泄洪洞具有“大泄量、特高水头、超高流速”的特点,高速水流空化空蚀问题非常突出。为了解决其掺气减蚀、泄洪消能防冲及出口挑流河道归槽的问题,锦屏一级水电站在泄洪洞的龙落尾、掺气坎、补气洞及出口挑坎等关键部位采用了特定的工程技术。对这些特定工程技术的模型实验结果、原型观测资料及设计规范进行了分析,并结合乌江渡水电站、二滩水电站等工程评价了规范的适用性。分析结果表明锦屏一级泄洪洞的洞顶余幅、龙落尾体型、出口燕尾坎消能工等设计合理,掺气设施的掺气保护满足要求,补气及通气系统效果良好,没有发生空化空蚀现象。同时,在掺气空腔长度、风速、补气量、泄洪雾化等方面的模型缩尺效应明显,需要后续工程在设计阶段予以重视并进行更为深入而细致的研究。     

Shear characteristics of horizontal expansion joints in the Toktogul hydroelectric station dam

Conclusion Shear tests of experimental blocks under conditions approximating the conditions of placing and curing concrete in the Toktogul dam showed that the strength of the horizontal joints (cohesion) is 11 kg/cm². The relation between shear stresses and compressive stresses for joints with undisturbed τ₁ and disrupted τ₂ cohension is close to linear in the interval σ=0–35 kg/cm²; τ₁=11.3+1.68σ;τ₂=1.67σ. The average value of the resistance coefficient of concrete on concrete for the joints is respectively 1.68 and 1.67. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 7–9, May, 1974.     

Investigation of the causes of destruction of the separators of a ski-jump spillway of a high dam

Conclusions For the first time the method use for investigating flow separators of high-head structures made it possible to recreate on a model cavitation phenomena that occurred in the original. The studies established the main cause of destruction of the elements of separators. The sources of cavitation that involved destruction of the concrete on the surface of the separators are: the presence of a sharp edge at the junction of the top and side surfaces of the separator; the presence of a poorly streamlined section at the initial part of the separator at the junction of the vertical side faces and surface of the spillway at the entrance to the gap between the separators; the presence of construction defects on the surfaces of the separator (depressions, pits, beds, and, especially, projections from formwork offsets). The last, as the experiments showed, are the most dangerous, especially if their vertical face is oriented against the flow. Rounding of the edges can eliminate the occurrence of cavitation on the side surface at the start of the separators; however, the requirements imposed on the quality surfaces remain the same, since this does not eliminate cavitation on irregularities. Facing of the separators and adjacent spillway surfaces with metal provides sufficient smoothness and greatly increases the resistance of the surface to cavitation erosion. Here one can consider that the lining practically eliminates the appearance of concealed but probable defects on the concrete surfaces during operation of the structures. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 36–38, July, 1971.     

漩流式竖井泄洪洞在沙牌工程中的应用

结合模型试验、工程地质、地貌、枢纽布置条件，在沙牌水电站设计和布置了漩流竖井泄洪洞，并以其陡坡急流式短压力进水口区别于世界其它缓流进水的竖井泄洪洞，同时进行了完整的原型观测设计，以获取新型竖井泄洪设施的动水压力、水流空化、流速和通气量的资料。     

带掺气槽岸边溢洪道挑流消能工水力特性

采用RNGk-ε双方程紊流模型对掺气槽、差动式挑流鼻坎和预挖坑联合运行的岸边溢洪道水流流场进行研究,模拟了具有大曲率水气交界面的挑射水舌和掺气坎水流,分析讨论泄槽流态、掺气槽底板最大冲击压力和差动式挑坎压力分布,给出了挑射水舌以及预挖坑的水流结构与速度分布特性,并将计算值与实验值进行对比,两者吻合良好。研究结果表明:泄槽中4道掺气槽的设置能有效减免发生空蚀破坏,但对泄槽中水面有一定的影响;高扩散低收缩差动式挑流鼻坎与预挖坑的联合运用消能效果理想。     

龙抬头式泄洪洞反弧末端边墙掺气减蚀设施的研究

高水头龙抬头式明流泄洪洞发生空蚀的部位一般位于反弧末端下游边墙及底板上，因此研究该部位的掺气减蚀设施具有十分重要的应用价值。结合二滩水电站1号泄洪洞，研究了反弧段边墙掺气问题，基于掺气挑坎设计中应遵循的基本原则，提出了一种新型的斜侧收缩式掺气挑坎体形，并分析了影响侧收缩掺气挑坎挟气量及挑坎下游水流流态的因素。     

台阶溢流坝过流掺气减蚀问题的研究

根据大朝山水电站表孔减压模型试验资料,结合原型观测有关资料,对台阶溢流坝掺气减蚀问题进行了分析研究。结果表明,利用表孔宽尾墩+台阶面的过流形式,可以解决台阶面大单宽过流掺气减蚀问题,台阶面水流近底掺气浓度最小在5%以上。高坝试验结果还表明,坝高增加20 m,台阶面水流掺气浓度沿程分布规律不变,即该掺气减蚀方法应用范围可推广至坝高131.0 m的台阶溢流坝。     

达克曲克水电站溢洪道空化空蚀问题研究

国内首个成功运用通气减蚀措施避免泄水建筑物空蚀的工程是冯家山水库.与冯家山大坝一样,达克曲克水电站属中坝工程,最大坝高62.6m,有必要讨论表孔溢洪道泄槽空化空蚀问题.采用时启燧等提出的掺气挑坎临界坎高的经典算法以及空化空蚀相关规范,通过理论计算与实际分析表明:①在溢洪道泄槽段无需设置掺气挑坎;②在没有掺气减蚀措施的情况下,计算施工不平整度按要求控制可以有效避免空化空蚀.     

PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAVITATION CONTROL BY AERATION

1.INTRODUCTION Alotofhighdams,whicharegreaterthan100minheight,havebeensofarcompletedinChi na.Andmanysuperhighdamsover200mhighsuch asErtanandLongtanHydropowerStationswere completedorareunderconstruction.Someof themevenhavetheheightontheorderof300m suchasXiaowanandXiluoduHydropowerSta tions[1].Accordingtoincompletestatistics,nearly30superhighdamswhicharegreaterthan200min heighthavebeensofarcompletedintheworld[2].Becauseoftheheadincrease,flowvelocityin thesehighdamscanreachseveral dozenm…     

Hydraulic investigation of the construction-service spillway at the Sangtudinskaya HPP-1

A reliable means, which protects the spillway structure from possible damages, is found for passage of high water at the site of a hydroproject. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 5–10.     

大型泄洪洞高速水流的研究进展及风险分析

高水头、大流量泄洪洞内高速水流问题主要问题之一是水流空化引起过流表面空蚀。几个实际工程泄洪洞发生空蚀破坏的实例表明反弧段下游一定范围是容易发生空化空蚀的敏感部位，其主要原因是由于反弧段内的水流流速高，流态复杂，在水流离心力的作用下沿程压力梯度大，水流掺气条件差，缺乏有效的掺气保护。掺气减蚀是解决泄洪洞过流表面空蚀的有效措施，对水流进行三维掺气的减蚀技术有了较大进展。“龙落尾”式和 “龙抬头”式是高水头、大流量泄洪洞的两种常用布置型式，风险分析认为“龙落尾”式泄洪洞布置对地形地质的适应性更好，即使发生事故对大坝的安全威胁小，也更具有抗风险的能力。     

Regional Scale Erosion Assessment of a Sub-tropical Highland Segment in the Western Ghats of Kerala,South India

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has been used in combination with remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the spatial pattern and annual rate of soil erosion in the Munnar Forest Division in Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The RUSLE takes into account several factors such as rainfall, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, land cover and erosion control practice for soil erosion prediction. Maximum soil loss of 109.31 t h⁻¹y⁻¹ and the areas with extreme erosion (erosion is higher than 50 t h⁻¹y⁻¹) are confined to 11.46% of the total area, while the area occupied by severe erosion (erosion rate between 25 and 50 t h⁻¹y⁻¹) is 27.53%. The high rate of annual soil erosion is associated with areas of high terrain alteration from the plantation activities and highly elevated hills/plateau margins with steep side slopes. Such an output is highly useful in decision making context to avoid land acquisition in erosion risk areas, or, alternatively, to recommend soil conservation measures to reduce soil loss, if developmental activities are to be continued at high soil erosion risk areas.     

糯扎渡水电站水力设计关键技术研究

糯扎渡水电站枢纽工程由心墙堆石坝、溢洪道、泄洪隧洞及引水发电系统组成;总泄洪功率高达66940MW;溢洪道最大泄洪流量高达31318m3/s,泄洪最大水头182m,泄洪功率达55860MW,采用了预挖消力塘的消能方案;泄洪隧洞工作水头达120m,采用双孔合一的闸门布置形式,高水头大流量的泄洪消能问题十分突出;尾水隧洞和导流隧洞结合,尾水调压井直径达33m,水力设计复杂;通过计算分析和水工模型试验研究,较好地解决了堆石坝枢纽工程中溢洪道、泄洪隧洞的掺气减蚀、消力塘护岸不护底等水力设计难题,并将运用于工程实践。