挟沙水流床面冲刷深度试验研究

在清水冲刷粗化层极限冲刷深度研究的基础上,结合室内概化水槽试验,探讨了挟沙水流床面冲刷问题。不同来沙条件下床面冲刷深度水槽试验观测成果表明,随着上游单宽加沙率的增加,挟沙水流床面冲刷深度减小,挟沙水流相对冲刷深度与相对来沙条件呈线性变化趋势。参考爱因斯坦推移质输沙率公式,建立了一个能够综合反映来水来沙条件以及床面条件的床面冲刷深度计算公式。该公式计算值与试验实测值吻合良好。     

黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度试验研究

黏性泥石流冲刷沟床,会导致建筑物构筑物基础失稳,从而毁坏工程设施.本文通过室内水槽试验探究黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度规律.试验结果表明:黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度主要受沟床坡度、泥石流容重以及沟床物质容重的影响;黏性泥石流冲刷沟床的深度与沟床坡度成正相关,与泥石流容重或沟床物质容重成负相关;沟床平均冲刷深度与沟床坡度成线性正比关系,与泥石流容重成线性反比关系,与沟床物质容重的自然对数成线性反比关系.最后,分析得到黏性泥石流沟床平均冲刷深度经验公式.     

河床冲刷粗化计算

本文首先分析了沙质河床和卵石夹沙河床不同的冲刷粗化机理．讨论了卵石夹沙河床发生粗化的条件，探讨了粗颗粒对小于起动粒径的细颗粒不同程度的隐蔽作用，针对现有非均匀沙起动公式存在的不足，得到了一个能反映河床冲刷粗化特点的起动流速公式，建立了粗化过程中床沙级配的计算公式．在此基础上按冲刷过程中水位不变和水位下降两种情况提出了河床清水冲刷粗化计算方法，文中选用水槽和天然资料对两种情况下的粗化计算方法进行了验证．计算结果表明，无论是冲刷深度、粗化层级配还是水位下降值均与实测值接近     

洪水侵蚀沟床形成泥石流的临界水力条件研究

洪水侵蚀沟床形成泥石流是泥石流的主要类型之一,研究其形成机理和形成的临界条件有助于泥石流治理和预警预报。借鉴河流动力学中推移质输沙理论,对已有洪水侵蚀沟床形成泥石流的水槽试验资料分析表明,洪水侵蚀沟床所形成泥石流的体积输沙浓度随沟床固体颗粒物质无量纲切应力的增大而增大,且呈幂函数关系。采用定量标准作为泥石流形成判别条件,则泥石流形成临界条件是体积输沙浓度计算公式的一个特例,此时床面颗粒无量纲切应力为0.655,远大于泥沙颗粒起动无量纲切应力。基于10组水槽试验资料和1组蒋家沟原型观测资料的适用性分析表明,建立的体积输沙浓度计算公式是合理的,能够反映泥石流形成和输移规律,可用于指导泥石流形成临界水力条件的计算。     

河床溯源冲刷影响下的桥墩冲刷

主要针对河床采沙所致的溯源冲刷对水下结构物周围冲刷影响的问题,研究冲刷演变及预测方法,为结构物安全防洪提供参考。通过水槽试验观测了床面突降条件下的溯源冲刷和墩柱局部冲刷耦合发展规律及其主要影响因素,建立了溯源与局部耦合冲刷的实时计算方法。溯源冲刷耦合下的局部冲刷与平床时的冲刷之比呈上凸曲线变化,与距离、流量及跌水水头差有关;局部冲刷和溯源冲刷对总冲刷深度的贡献比是墩柱与采沙坑距离、跌水水头差及流量的函数;在河床采沙的一定影响范围内,溯源冲刷到达时的瞬间冲刷速率远大于局部冲刷速率。本文的计算方法,可用于预测溯源与局部耦合冲刷时结构物总冲刷深度的发展。     

堆积体作用下的河道最大冲刷深度

受地震、暴雨的影响,破碎的山体易发生滑坡、泥石流等,在河流岸边形成堆积体,改变了河道水流边界条件,在堆积体下游附近形成冲坑.本文通过动床水槽试验,研究了不同堆积体作用下的最大冲刷深度.结果表明,最大冲刷深度随流量、堆积体尺寸增大而增大.本文采用一些常见的丁坝、桥台最大冲深公式对试验成果进行了计算,但由于水流结构差异及公式适用范围限制,计算结果与实测值普遍相差较大.因此,本文参考丁坝、桥台冲刷深度计算的研究成果,充分考虑各影响因素作用,采用因次分析法,建立了堆积体作用下河道最大冲刷深度计算公式的基本形式,并根据实测资料拟合了公式参数.     

射流冲刷试验及其在黄河潼关河段的应用

为解决黄河潼关河段射流清淤工程有关技术问题，分析其冲沙效果，利用室内水槽进行了静水、动水条件下射流冲刷试验．试验采用容重为0.0215N／cm^3、孔隙率为0．61的粉煤灰．根据水槽试验研究，提出了能较好反映不同粘性床沙的射流冲刷坑尺寸的射流能力指标F0^0.6(d／D)^-0．19，并建立了冲刷坑尺寸与F0^0.6(d／D)^-0.19的关系；同时在潼关河段进行了现场试验，研究了喷嘴距床面的最优高度。提出喷嘴距床面的最优高度在0．7m左右．并初步分析了潼关河段的射流冲刷效果，射流冲刷后，含沙量明显增加；通过5年的清淤实践，平均每年射流清淤可使潼关高程在汛期降低0．15m左右.     

三峡水库下游河道冲刷粗化研究

三峡工程运行10余年以来,水库拦截了上游约75.5%的泥沙,破坏了原天然河道的自然形态与水沙条件的相对平衡,三峡大坝下游河道产生强烈冲刷,致使河床明显粗化。根据三峡水库蓄水后下游河段实测地形及床沙级配资料,分析了河道冲淤变化,并总结了四种床沙粗化计算方法。在此基础上利用接近冲淤平衡的宜枝河段实测资料对四种方法进行了验证计算。研究结果表明,韩其为方法的床沙粗化级配和冲刷深度与实测值吻合较好,较客观地反映了三峡水库下游河道的冲刷粗化过程。     

水库下游冲刷的数值模拟—模型的构造

由于水库下游冲刷过程中悬移质与推移质、推移质与河床质、河床质与悬移质交换机理及床沙粗化机理的复杂性,使得研究水库下游冲刷数学模型的难度较大。 为了研究水库下游冲刷、河床演变问题及由此而引起的对防洪、航运等造成的影响,本文建立了一维全沙数学模型,模型考虑了非均匀悬移质不饱和输移、非均匀沙推移质输移及床沙级配的调整。文中考虑了冲刷过程中挟沙能力的沿程调整,挟沙能力包括以下三个方面,即悬移质中细颗粒部分从累计效果看不参予与床沙交换(冲泻质),这部分泥沙全部计入挟沙能力;悬移质的粗颗粒部分落淤到床面与床沙交换后部分地计入挟沙能力;床沙中可悬浮部分从床面冲起后部分地计入挟沙能力。非均匀沙推移质输沙率公式考虑了床沙运动的随机性及床沙粗化对输沙率的影响。床沙级配的调整采用CARICHAR混合层模型。对计算中经常遇到的关键性问题提出了处理方法。     

冲积河流长距离冲刷不平衡输沙过程初步研究

本文从悬移质扩散方程出发, 研究冲积河流长距离冲刷不平衡输沙过程. 对于天然沙质河流, 床沙均为非均匀沙, 由于较细泥沙的冲刷率总大于较粗泥沙, 因此在床面薄层内泥沙随冲刷迅速粗比, 致使挟沙力降低, 不平衡输沙距离比均匀沙情况大大延长. 文中同时提出了表层床沙粗化的概化计算模式及床沙交换速率计算公式. 床沙交换速率的大小是决定含沙量恢复饱和距离的重要因素. 本文对不同类型底部边界条件进行了计算比较, 并与黄河下游的实际冲刷资料进行了对比, 结果表明, 应用梯度型底部边界条件, 且在考虑表层床沙粗化中以作者提出的公式计算床沙交换速率, 则计算含沙量和实际符合良好.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。