东莞城区内涝仿真模型设计

内涝仿真模型系统是根据城市雨水汇流网络情况及排水管网系统的实际情况,建立东莞市城区内涝仿真计算模型,并为模型设定参数,对城市内涝洪水进行模拟。该程序通过读入各排水区网格、普通通道、特殊通道、特殊通道节点、管道要素、管道节点逻辑拓扑关系及属性数据,进行东莞内涝水深模拟的数值计算。     

基于SWMM模型的城市内涝模拟——以广州市海珠区为例

城市内涝模型是当前城市内涝预警的主要技术手段，然而现阶段的城市内涝模型精度不高且较为复杂，因此建立一个精度高且简便的内涝模型是急需解决的重点问题。以SWMM一维模型作为研究基础，针对广州市海珠区历史内涝点建立内涝模型，实现了对城市内涝深度的模拟分析。结果表明，模型可准确推断出内涝等级及积水深度，实现对内涝积水的预警预报作用。该模型简化了传统复杂的地表二维模型，将暴雨对内涝积水点的影响转化为暴雨与管网之间的关系，大大减少了计算量。     

基于Green-Ampt和稳渗不同入渗模型下的城市内涝影响数值模拟

为分析Green-Ampt和稳渗两种入渗模型对城市内涝的影响,以陕西省西咸新区沣西新城核心区为研究区域,应用基于水文及水动力方法的城市雨洪过程数值模型模拟城市暴雨致涝过程。以Green-Ampt入渗模型计算产流,模拟研究区内涝积水过程,发现计算数据与实测数据吻合度高,内涝积水点均实现精确的模拟。计算了1a、2a、5a、10a、20a、50a6种不同重现期设计降雨在两种不同入渗模型下的内涝积水总量与总面积的变化,结果表明:城市内涝积水达到峰值时,不同降雨重现期下Green-Ampt入渗下相较于稳渗内涝积水总量分别减少28.41%、26.49%、26.39%、21.04%、17.28%、15.02%,Ⅲ级及以上内涝积水总面积分别减少31.5%、28.6%、28.3%、20.7%、16.3%、12.7%。本研究应用不同入渗模型揭示了内涝积水程度在不同降雨重现期下的变化规律,对更合理地开展数值模型模拟以及城市雨洪管理工作具有重要借鉴意义。     

城市内涝决策支持系统的研究及展望

城市内涝决策支持系统具有合理、快速、准确做出辅助决策的特点,可综合提高城市防洪除涝的能力。系统地梳理了城市内涝决策支持系统的研究进展以及在各大中型城市的应用情况,指出了目前系统研发与应用中所存在的数据准确性低、研究范围较窄以及模型计算速度较慢等问题,并且展望了未来的发展趋势,提出了加强城市内涝多源数据汇集、加强流域与城市洪涝一体化预测预报以及优化模型整体的计算速度等多种解决方法。     

北京市洪水影响评价中内涝计算方法探讨

城市化进程突显了水矛盾,内涝问题成为制约城市发展的软肋。简要概括了内涝产生的原因,国内外内涝计算的现状及未来发展趋势,基于北京市洪水影响评价中内涝的计算问题,提出了中小尺度的内涝计算方法,最后结合实例进行了分析。结果表明,二维模型计算方法能够较好地满足水影响评价的计算深度和要求。     

小寨区域海绵城市数值模拟研究

近些年伴随极端天气频繁出现,城市内涝"看海"现象突出。文章以西安市小寨区域为例,采用SWMM、Mike Urban、Mike21软件进行现状模型搭建,分析研究小寨区域内涝产生原因及数值模拟在小寨区域海绵城市数值模拟的应用情况。结果表明,小寨区域年径流控制率低,管网排水能力有限,需要结合海绵城市建设,综合考虑蓄排措施解决区域内涝问题。     

基于改进物元可拓模型的城市内涝灾害风险评估

城市内涝灾害风险评估可为灾害风险管理提供理论支撑，对城市内涝灾害防控具有重要意义。基于灾害成因从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾能力四个方面选取12个指标构建城市内涝灾害风险评估指标体系，采用改进层次分析法与熵权法确定评估指标主客观权重，采用基于博弈论的组合赋权法计算组合权重，构建城市内涝灾害风险评估改进物元可拓模型，基于模型开展城市内涝灾害风险评估，以西安市主城区为研究区域进行模型应用。结果表明：碑林区、莲湖区、灞桥区内涝风险等级高且逐渐向较高等级转化，新城区内涝风险较低且逐渐向较高风险等级转化，雁塔区内涝风险处于较低等级，未央区内涝风险最小。研究结果可为城市内涝灾害风险管理及防洪减灾提供参考。     

基于微观交通仿真的城市内涝对道路交通的影响评估研究进展

在城市洪涝灾害频发和内涝下交通问题突出的背景下，针对城市内涝对道路交通的影响评估问题，梳理了国内外研究成果，对城市内涝模拟原理以及常用的城市雨洪模型的特点进行了分析，总结归纳了城市内涝对道路交通的影响评估方法，论述了微观交通仿真模型的构建和应用，提出了城市内涝对道路交通影响评估可优化的方向。指出在现有软件缺失和条件有限的情况下，基于积水深度与行车速度的关系式将城市雨洪模型和微观交通仿真模型进行集成，用于分析内涝下交通问题是较为有效的手段；城市内涝对道路交通的影响十分显著，通常反映在道路(损失、性能和结构)、交通工具(行驶速度和安全性)和驾驶员(心理和生理变化)3方面，以及道路-交通工具-驾驶员的综合影响。     

城市内涝实验及模拟研究进展

目前已提出了较多的城市内涝模型,但模型验证还不足,应用机理有待进一步明确,各种模型的算法、参数精简、结果的可靠性均存在改善的空间。介绍了我国城市面临的内涝现状及应对策略存在的问题,强调了城区降雨观测实验的重要性;系统梳理了室外原型实验与室内模拟试验两方面的进展,对已有成果的局限性进行了分析;论述了国内外城市内涝计算的常见模型,并分析了各自的适用性。对城市内涝观测的系统性及模拟计算基础的可靠性提出了展望。     

基于K近邻和水动力模型的城市内涝快速预报

利用水动力模型模拟各量级降雨情况下的城市内涝演变过程,以内涝演变过程数据作为K近邻算法机器学习模型的训练集进行模型训练,采用大气数值模式预报降雨驱动经过训练的K近邻算法机器学习模型进行城市内涝快速预报,并以陕西省秦汉新城3场实测降雨检验了模型的预报性能。结果表明:该模型可在17s内快速预测出城市内涝积水,预报内涝积水面积平均误差不超过8%,积水量及积水深度平均误差不超过15%;该模型预报性能较好,可增强城市防灾减灾能力,有效降低生命财产损失。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。