不同坡长下的坡面流水力学特性研究

坡面流亦即薄层水流,指的是降雨或融雪形成的,并在重力作用下沿坡面流动的薄层水流,它是地表径流的初始阶段,提供了侵蚀的主要动力。坡度相同、降雨强度相同时,随着坡长的增加,流速逐渐增大。在相同降雨强度下．坡长对流速有一定的影响,二者呈良好的指数关系;流量随坡长的增长而逐渐增大,二者呈良好的幂函数关系。2m水槽基本能够反映出坡面流的水力学参数的变化。随着坡长的增加,相同流速下,雷诺数逐渐增大．且增长速度亦逐渐增大。     

黄土区坡面侵蚀时空分布与上坡来水作用的实验研究

本文采用多坡段模型，运用模拟降雨实验方法研究了坡面侵蚀时空分布特征和上坡来水来沙的侵蚀作用，结果表明：坡面各部位的侵蚀方式与雨强密切对应。定量分析得出径流量、产沙量与坡度呈对数关系，与坡长呈线性关系，与雨强呈幂函数关系，建立了产沙量与坡度、雨强及径流量的关系式。同时也建立了产沙量、产沙增量与上坡来水来沙的关系方程，上坡来水使梁峁坡和谷坡产沙量增大了20.2%～63.5%和42.9%～74.5%。     

坡面流阻力研究进展

坡面流阻力的研究对了解坡面流水流特性、汇流过程、土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理都非常重要。本文分5个方面总结了坡面流阻力研究的最新进展:(1)坡面流阻力系数与雷诺数的关系;(2)光滑床面上的坡面水流阻力;(3)粗糙床面上的坡面水流阻力;(4)降雨对坡面流阻力影响的研究;(5)坡面流阻力的计算模型。综合前人研究发现,阻力系数与雷诺数在不同的条件下呈正相关或负相关关系;用叠加法计算不同条件下的坡面流阻力有其合理的一面,也有不足之处;粗糙动床条件下的坡面水流阻力计算模型更接近实际情况。最后,本文指出了当前坡面流阻力研究存在的主要问题和未来需要突破的主攻方向。     

三维土工网护坡坡面流水动力学特性试验研究

采用室内变坡水槽,通过组合不同坡度(5o、10o、15o、20o、25o和30o)、不同流量(1 m3/h、1.5 m3/h和2 m3/h)室内模拟放水冲刷试验,对三维土工网护坡坡面流水动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,坡面流流态为紊流,流型为急流;坡面冲刷深度—坡度、阻力系数—坡度及阻力系数—雷诺数呈正相关的幂函数关系;阻力系数—弗汝德数呈负相关的幂函数关系。研究成果对深入揭示三维土工网护坡坡面侵蚀的水动力过程具有重要的理论意义。     

晋西黄绵土坡面径流流态与输沙特征试验研究

为了探讨晋西黄绵土坡面径流流态与输沙特征,本研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对降雨条件下坡长对该区坡面径流雷诺数、弗劳德数、径流量、产沙量与输沙率进行量测与分析。结果表明:在雨强30~125mm/h、坡长1~5m的情况下,坡面薄层径流为层流,且为急流;径流流态对坡面水流侵蚀力有显著影响,产沙量与雷诺数呈良好幂函数关系;雨强与坡长的增大可增强径流紊动性,输沙率随二者的增大呈增加趋势,当雨强大于60 mm/h、坡长由3 m延长到4 m时,输沙率增量较2~3 m与4~5 m时小;输沙率与径流量的关系可用幂函数描述。该研究结论能够为黄土陡坡面水土流失治理和水土保持措施的布设提供一定的依据。     

雨强及坡度对黄土区草地坡面水流流速的影响

黄土区草被覆盖下的坡面水流流速特征研究对于深刻认识该区草地坡面侵蚀动力和科学决策该区水土保持与生态建设具有重要意义。采用草地小区人工模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土区草地坡面水流流速随雨强及坡度的变化特征进行研究,结果表明:(1)在5个不同雨强及5个不同坡度下,草地坡面流速随降雨历时变化均表现为产流初期流速快速增大,持续一段时间之后转为缓慢增大或保持稳定,且可用幂函数描述;(2)草地坡面次降雨产流平均流速分别随单一因子雨强、坡度的增大而增大,且皆可用对数函数描述;(3)草地坡面次降雨产流平均流速随雨强及坡度复合因子的变化可用二元对数函数描述,试验条件下坡度对草地坡面水流平均流速的影响大于雨强的影响。     

地表粗糙度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响

坡面流阻力的研究对于深入认识坡面流水力特性及土壤侵蚀产沙机理具有重要意义。采用变坡试验水槽,利用定床阻力冲刷试验系统研究了坡面流Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数与粗糙度、流量、坡度和水流型态之间的关系。结果表明:阻力系数随着床面粗糙度的增加呈指数函数增大;阻力系数随着雷诺数的增加呈幂函数减小,且随粗糙度的增加;阻力系数与弗劳德数呈良好幂函数关系,且粗糙度的影响不显著,流量为主要影响因素;人工模拟粗糙度床面下,阻力系数可由粗糙度、流量和坡度的简单幂函数良好表示,并且粗糙度为主要影响因素,流量和坡度的影响相对较小。由因子分析可知,阻力系数可由粗糙度和弗劳德数良好表示,经检验该模型可用来计算不同粗糙度坡面薄层水流的阻力系数。     

坡面薄层流的数值模拟及在坡面流侵蚀研究中的应用

本文依据坡面薄层水流的动力波方程，由水沙动力学原理出发建立坡面细沟流侵蚀过程的模拟方法。采用动力波模式(一维非恒定流方程组)计算了坡度变化时不同细沟宽度下的细沟沟内流速，根据数值计算得到了细沟流动的Re数，以及相同净雨强和坡长下能够使细沟流速达到最大的坡度。依据泥沙运动力学的原理分析了这些结果在坡面流侵蚀过程中的意义。模拟结果表明，细沟扩宽过程对坡度和坡面表土临界起动流速的变化十分敏感。当细沟扩宽侵蚀在小区片蚀中占主要成分时，小区的片蚀总量常表现出与坡度和表层土使用方式的明显关系。     

模拟降雨条件下开挖面土壤侵蚀测算模型研究

为科学治理工程开挖坡面水土流失问题,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验,设计了5种雨强(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和3种坡度(10°,20°,30°),系统分析了不同情景下雨强、坡度、径流率、径流流速、水流剪切力及水流功率同坡面剥蚀率之间的关系。结果表明:工程开挖坡面剥蚀率Di与坡度S相关性不显著(p 0.05),与雨强I、坡度和雨强的交互作用(I×S)呈极显著相关(p 0.01);采用3种常用的细沟间侵蚀模型来计算工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,幂函数型坡度因子指标更适用于工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率的计算;采用径流流速、水流剪切力和水流功率为代表的水动力学参数来计算土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,水流功率是描述其细沟间侵蚀动力过程的最理想水力参数。研究成果可为建立工程开挖坡面水土流失量预测模型提供技术参数和依据。     

基于人工模拟降雨的黄潮土坡面侵蚀规律研究

为探讨不同坡度和雨强条件黄潮土坡面侵蚀及入渗规律,采用人工模拟降雨实验方法,选择4种坡度和3种雨强坡面产流量、侵蚀量和土壤入渗实验研究。结果表明,相同雨强坡面产流量随着坡度的增加先增大后减小,坡度9°时产流量最大。40 mm/h雨强坡面侵蚀量随坡度的增加而逐渐增大,60、80 mm/h时侵蚀量随坡度增加表现为先增大而后逐渐减小,坡度6°时侵蚀量最大。累计产流量与累计侵蚀量在3°和其他坡度时均呈线性函数关系。黄潮土埋深0.5 m以内的土壤含水率受降雨响应较为敏感,坡度影响降雨入渗速率,浅层土壤含水率变化速率随着坡度的增加先增大后逐渐减小。入渗是影响黄潮土降雨侵蚀的重要因素。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。