水文过程对农业小流域氮素迁移的影响

以江西低丘红壤区农业小流域为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下对小流域内试验小区、上游灌渠和小流域出口径流中的氮素浓度进行监测,旨在从小区尺度和小流域尺度阐明农业小流域氮素流失与降雨和径流的关系。结果表明:在小区坡面流中,硝态氮浓度随降雨径流的变化趋势不明显,铵态氮和全氮浓度随降雨径流的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;壤中流对硝态氮的流失有主要影响,而坡面流对全氮的流失作用不可忽视。小流域的氮素流失主要发生在4~6月,其间氮素NH4 -N、NO3--N和TN的流失量在上游干旱地灌渠分别占年流失量的74%、61%和62%;在小流域出口分别占年流失量的82%、70%和79%。年全氮流失量达43.8kg/hm2,占氮素施用量的22.6%。     

川中紫色土地区不同集水区暴雨氮流失特征分析

农业区域非点源污染排放引起的水体污染是我国水体污染控制与流域治理的重要内容。迄今为止,丘陵区农业小流域内不同土地利用方式下氮素污染机理的径流驱动过程仍不明晰。选择川中紫色土丘陵区3种典型集水区(集镇、农林复合区、林地区),对暴雨过程中非点源氮素迁移特征进行了实地观测和分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式下非点源氮迁移机制及负荷变化特征。分析结果表明:(1)集镇集水区径流对暴雨事件反应最迅速;农林复合区响应较慢,波动幅度较缓;林地集水区植被覆盖度较高,由于植被截留等原因,其响应最慢。(2)集镇集水区总氮(TN)、可溶性氮(DN)及硝态氮(NN)含量最高,且呈多峰值特点;农林复合集水区TN含量相对稳定;林地集水区TN,DN,NN及颗粒态氮(PN)波动最小,且浓度最低。(3)集镇和农林复合区PN和铵态氮(AN)迁移过程呈现一定"初期冲刷效应";而林地TN,DN,NN迁移呈现一定的"初期冲刷效应",且PN迁移"末期冲刷效应"显著。研究成果可为丘陵区复杂小流域污染源识别、污染负荷估算与预测提供科学基础。     

紫色丘陵区典型小流域暴雨径流氮磷迁移过程与通量

对紫色丘陵区盐亭截流小流域2007年3次暴雨径流的全过程进行了连续监测,测定了径流量及降雨—径流过程中氮、磷的形态、浓度与通量变化。结果表明,N、P各形态浓度变化曲线与流量曲线趋势大致相同,总氮(TN)浓度迅速达到峰值后缓慢下降,而后期又略呈上升趋势,硝态氮(NN)浓度变化总体呈上升趋势,颗粒态氮(PN)与颗粒态磷(PP)浓度在径流过程中迅速达到峰值后陡然下降,氨态氮(AN)及磷酸盐(PO43-P)含量较低且波动较小。暴雨径流前期氮素迁移以PN为主,主要来源于地表径流,受降雨强度控制。后期以NN为主,来源于土壤硝酸盐随壤中流淋失。磷素主要以地表径流迁移的PP为主。暴雨径流导致的N、P流失负荷巨大,说明初期冲刷效应明显。     

紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用类型小流域氮素流失规律初探

摘要： 以紫色土丘陵区3个土地利用类型各异的小流域为研究对象,监测了20场自然降雨侵蚀下径流氮素的流失 过程,旨在为流域尺度养分流失预测模型的发展与校正提供依据。结果表明,次降雨过程中硝态氮的流失浓度随 着流量的增加而降低,峰值流量处浓度一般达到最低;此后,随着流量的减小,硝态氮的流失浓度又呈现增加趋 势。铵态氮流失过程表现为波浪形变化,径流初期其流失浓度一般较高,随着时间的延长逐渐降低并趋于稳定。 硝态氮是紫色土小流域氮素流失的主要形式,其占到径流无机氮流失的50%~97%。单一农田土地利用将导致流 域     

紫色土丘陵区小流域非点源氮迁移特征研究

对长江上游紫色土丘陵区盐亭县林山乡典型的集镇小流域和农林复合小流域的非点源氮迁移过程进行了同步监测，比较分析了两不同类型小流域的径流过程及降雨-径流过程中氮素各形态浓度、负荷变化特征。结果表明了集镇小流域和农林复合小流域径流过程与非点源氮迁移过程均存在较大差异：（1）集镇小流域径流过程与降雨过程迅速响应，径流过程呈现“暴涨暴落”的特点。相反，农林复合小流域径流过程显著滞后于降雨过程，呈现出显著的“滞后效应”。（2）集镇小流域总氮（TN）、颗粒态氮（PN）以及铵态氮（NH4+-N）浓度在降雨径流初期迅速升高，而后迅速下降，呈现明显的“单峰”。相反，农林复合小流域在小雨事件中氮素浓度变化较小，但在中雨和暴雨事件过程中，初期径流中氮浓度较低，而中后期逐渐升高。（3）集镇小流域TN、PN、NH4+-N迁移过程体现了显著的“初始冲刷效应”，其中初期25%的径流量平均携带了50%的TN负荷、71%的PN负荷、64%的NH4+-N负荷，而农林复合小流域TN、可溶性氮（DN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）则体现了一定的“末期冲刷”的特点。     

城西试验流域水文特性及水文过程模拟

水文试验是认识水文规律的重要基础工作。根据我国东部低山丘陵区城西试验流域的实测资料,分析不同尺度降雨径流之间的响应关系,再利用新安江流域水文模型进行径流模拟,进一步探讨该模型在我国东部低山丘陵区的适用性。结果表明:在试验流域空间尺度(几十平方公里)的暴雨洪水过程中,洪水峰现时间一般滞后雨峰3～4 h;场次和月尺度上的降雨径流具有较好的正相关关系;在日尺度上,降雨径流关系散乱,以10和70 mm降雨量为阈值呈U型分布; 3种时间尺度上,径流均受到前期退水过程的影响,其中,时间尺度越短,受前期退水过程的影响越显著;新安江流域水文模型在我国东部低山丘陵区具有较好的水文模拟能力,且月尺度水文过程的模拟效果优于日尺度,对天然流域的模拟效果优于人类活动扰动的流域。     

紫色土丘陵区小流域非点源氮迁移特征研究

对紫色土丘陵区典型集镇小流域和农林复合小流域非点源氮迁移过程进行同步监测,比较2种不同类型小流域的径流过程及径流中各形态氮素浓度、负荷变化特征。结果表明：（1）集镇小流域径流过程与降雨过程迅速响应,径流过程呈现“暴涨暴落”的特点,而农林复合小流域径流过程显著滞后于降雨过程,呈现显著的“滞后效应”。（2）集镇小流域总氮（TN）、颗粒态氮（PN）及铵态氮（AN）浓度在径流初期迅速升高,达到“峰”值后迅速下降;而农林复合小流域在小雨事件中氮浓度变化较小,中雨和暴雨事件过程中,初期径流氮浓度较低,中后期逐渐升高,     

川中丘陵区小尺度范围非点源氮素流失特征分析

为研究自然降雨条件下紫色土地块-小流域尺度农业非点源氮素随径流流失的特征,采用野外径流观测法,对2011年川中某紫色土丘陵区12次典型降雨产流事件进行了监测,测定径流量及径流中氮素浓度与负荷变化情况。结果表明:旱地流失负荷值远大于林地流失负荷值,且旱地氮素流失主要集中在施肥后的初期降水事件中,占流失总量的76.1%;壤中流氮素平均浓度为0.98~54.1mg/L;旱地氮素迁移有显著月变化特征,明显受到当地施肥习惯和汛期降雨量影响。陈家湾农林复合小流域氮素迁移特点分析表明,该小流域受到多种土地利用类型影响,径流氮素浓度波动范围不大;但在大雨降雨事件中,浓度在降雨后期有所升高,体现了"末期冲刷效应"。研究结果可为调控长江上游紫色土丘陵区氮素流失提供参考。     

基于改进型DNDC 模型的小流域非点源氮迁移过程模拟与空间拓展应用

以长江上游紫色土区截流堰小流域和大兴小流域为研究对象,应用改进型DNDC（Enhanced Denitrification Decomposition Model）模型对紫色土区小流域径流、泥沙和氮流失过程进行模拟研究。采用截流堰小流域2007-2009年和2010-2011年径流、泥沙及氮迁移监测数据分别进行模型参数率定和验证,检验模型在紫色土区的适用性,然后利用大兴小流域2011年水文、水质监测数据对该模型进行拓展验证,探讨模型在具相似空间结构特征的小流域尺度拓展的可行性。结果显示：率定期和验证期月径流、土壤侵蚀、氮流失Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数大多超过0.80,相对误差均在16.36%以内。拓展验证期,月径流、土壤侵蚀、总氮（TN）和颗粒态氮（PN）的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.70、0.55、0.76和0.71,相对误差分别为6.2%、31.2%、9.5%和30.4%。改进型DNDC模型能较好模拟紫色土区小流域径流、泥沙和氮迁移过程,但尺度拓展过程中泥沙、颗粒态氮的模拟偏差有所增大。     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测，测定径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度，以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期，其峰值出现在雨强最大时；集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期，是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因；降雨-径流过程中，颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中PN/DN多小于1，而PP/DP范围为1.1~30.2，说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式，而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.