我国水利水电开发的生态保护实践与启示

我国水利水电开发中的生态与环境保护在法律、技术规范、资金保障等制度建设方面取得了重大进展。在实践中通过开展流域规划环评，生态破坏的预防得到加强；通过开展建设项目环境影响评价，从生态流量的保证、鱼类资源的保护、分层取水设施的设计布置等方面逐步深化了生态保护措施；建设期的环境监理、项目竣工的环境保护验收促进了环境保护措施的落实；水库的生态调度也在逐步展开。与此同时，应认识到我国水利水电建设在生态保护方面与发达国家相比还存在一定差距，今后要做好全流域综合规划与生态保护规划；开展生态保护共性技术研究：明确生态保护目标；加强生态调度的理论与方法研究，努力实现在保护生态的基础上有序开发水电。     

水利水电开发规划中的环评技术

单个水利水电工程建设时生态与环境影响的评价技术已较为成熟．但梯级水利水电工程开发的叠加累积效应分析是环评中的重点和难点问题，在单个水利水电工程环评中均难以解决这一问题。只要在水利水电开发规划阶段进行规划的环境影响评价，通过环境影响评价早期介入的方式，从生态与环境保护角度优化论证了梯级开发规划方案，并在实施过程中切实采取了有效的环境保护措施．是可以实现河流水电开发和生态与环境保护协调、可持续发展的。     

保护生态、有序开发要重视研究十大课题

在2006年1月下旬召开的水利部科学技术委员会全体会议上，水利部部长汪恕诚强调，要正确认识水利水电发展的大好形势，牢固树立和落实科学发展观，在人与自然和谐相处的理念指导下，围绕水利中心工作，充分发挥各方面专家的参谋咨询作用，建立各种有效机制，大力推动水利科技创新。要按中央保护生态、有序开发的要求，进一步推动水利水电事业的大发展。汪恕诚围绕保护生态、有序开发的主题，提出了需要深入研究的十项课题。     

水利水电工程生态设计理念和思路探讨

为全面探讨水利水电工程生态设计理念,通过分析水利水电工程传统生态设计思路和方法的局限性,探讨了水利水电工程生态设计新理念主要内涵与基本思路,从"水利工程整体生态、安全与生态并重、陆生与水生生物保护并重、引入生态方案比选、弃渣资源化利用、水生态与水文化结合等6个方面",提出了水利水电工程新生态设计理念的主要内容。     

实例研究水工建筑施工中常见的技术问题

随着经济的发展，我国对于基础设施工程建设的投入越来越大，众多的基础设施工程得到了建设，其中就包括县乡水利水电工程。县乡水利水电工程施工环境复杂，受影响因素多，使得水工建筑物在施工中容易出现问题。因此，必须要加强技术研究工作，针对水工建筑施工技术现状，严格把好技术关，做好水工建筑的施工工作，确保水工建筑物的安全、稳定，提高县乡水利水电工程的质量。     

生态水利工程设计的初步探讨

生态水利工程学是水利工程学与生态学相融合产生的新分支学科，目的是改进和完善水利工程的规划设计方法。随着经济和社会的发展，有必要对传统的水利水电工程规划设计和运行的理念与技术方法进行反思，进一步吸收生态学的理论知识，探索与生态友好的水利水电工程技术体系，这是实现与自然和谐相处目标的时代需求。     

贯彻落实全省水利工作会议精神 全力做好哈达水利枢纽前期工作

贯彻落实全省水利工作会议精神全力做好哈达水利枢纽前期工作吉林省水利水电勘测设计研究院院长谢万库今年三月召开的全省水利工作会议上，省委、省政府提出今后五年和十五年要集中力量兴建七大重点水利水电工程。七大工程之首，是哈达山水利枢纽工程。要求加快该项工程的...     

水利水电勘测设计单位技术标准管理初探

本文论述了水利水电技术标准的作用，技术标准管理工作的意义，探讨了水利水电勘测设计单位如何做好技术标准管理工作。     

浅谈水利水电科技档案归档整理方法

水利水电科技档案是在水利水电建设各项科技活动中直接形成的具有保存价值的文字、图表、声像等。遵循科技档案的自然形成规律，保持科技档案材料之间的有机联系是档案整理工作的重要原则，因此我们在档案整理工作中，不仅要掌握它的归档范围，不宁掌握归档后的组卷分类，卷内文件排列，编目、装订的质量要求，具体做法有六个方面，这样才能做好水利水电科技档案的保管和利用。     

水电工程建设征地移民安置规划设计中几个问题探讨

本文针对当前国家对水利水电工程建设征地移民安置工作，新发布了一系列重要政策、法规，结合个人实践，就水利水电工程建设征地影响涉及范围、征地区经济对象实物量调查内容和精度、移民安置规划设计的内容等，提出几点值得探讨的问题，目的在于按照国家现行政策，做好水利水电工程建设征地移民安置规划工作，提出个人浅见与同行切磋。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.