含水生植物河道曼宁糙率系数的试验研究

水生植物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,但水生植物的存在使得水流阻力增加,河道行洪能力降低,开展含水生植物河道曼宁糙率系数的研究,对河流生态综合治理具有重要意义。本文基于对含淹没柔性水生植物水流的室内水槽系列试验和量纲分析理论,分析了植物挺立度、相对淹没高度及相对密植度对河道曼宁糙率的影响,给出了淹没状态下含柔性水生植物河道的通用等效曼宁糙率系数经验公式。     

水生植物对河道形态影响的三维湍流模型

植被是河床和河岸稳定性指标中的一个重要参数,它主要通过影响水流结构进而影响河道的形态。本文建立曲线坐标系下的三维湍流模型研究水生植物对河道形态的影响,在水流控制方程中加入植物阻力项和植物密度项来描述水生植物对水动力特性的贡献,通过泥沙质量守恒方程求解河道变形,在适体网格中求解模型的控制方程。应用该三维模型数值模拟了矩形水槽内两侧交替布置的非淹没刚性植物对水流结构的影响以及梯形河道内两侧交替布置的非淹没刚性植物对河道形态的影响,数值计算结果与实测结果吻合良好。     

淹没植被明渠边界切应力试验研究

生态河道中的植物在净化水质的同时增大了河道阻力,是抬高河道水位、影响河道行洪安全的原因之一。采用塑料草模拟植被,建立横断面为梯形的明渠水槽,研究植被淹没情况下明渠水深、流速以及植物间距对明渠切应力的影响。通过对研究水体的受力分析,推导出床面平均切应力计算公式;根据试验结果,计算得出不同条件下的边界平均切应力,分析不同水流条件、不同植物密度情况下明渠边界切应力的变化规律。结果表明:水流流速以及植物布置间距对明渠边界切应力影响较大,水深对边界切应力影响相对较小。     

含植物河道水动力特性研究进展

水生植物群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,利用天然植被护坡固土、净化水质、改善河流生态环境已成为河流生态修复的重要措施。本文从水生植物影响下的河道水流阻力特性及水流结构两方面,总结了国内外对含植物河道水动力特性的研究进展,并对该领域的未来研究方向提出了展望。     

沉水植物对河道曼宁系数影响的实验研究

该文在实验室水槽中利用三维声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)和波高仪测定水流流速和波浪高度,以此数据研究了河道水生沉水植物对曼宁系数的影响。实验利用人造植物模拟自然植物,研究结果表明沉水植物对水流结构、阻力特性存在显著影响。在分析曼宁系数的变化规律之后提出了新的半经验方程,用以预测不同植物密度、不同波流条件下曼宁系数的变化。曼宁系数主要和植物密度和水流流速有关,同时受波浪的影响。新的方程对曼宁系数的拟合效果良好。     

山洪携带泥沙引发的山区大比降河流水深变化规律研究

山洪常常携带大量泥沙进入山区河道,运动的泥沙从水流中吸收能量,增大了水流阻力从而使水位额外升高.本文通过大比降水槽试验模拟该现象,试验结果表明泥沙进入河流后因颗粒间的碰撞、运动吸收能量导致阻力增大,水深增加;水深受携带泥沙粒径、输沙率、床面形态、底坡与水流的影响.最后分析以上的各因素对水流阻力的变化规律,推导出泥沙进入河道情况下山区大比降河流水深的变化,建立起水流挟沙后水深变化的经验表达式.     

含植物明渠水流运动特性试验研究

水生植物广泛存在于天然河流的岸滩和浅水区域,对河道水流运动产生一定影响。该文利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)开展了不同类型植物对明渠水流运动特性影响的实验研究。结果表明:在淹没植物上方及挺水植物杆两区域内,植物对水流运动影响较小,其流速分布满足典型对数分布形式;水流自明渠上游过渡到植物区首部时,因水流阻力突然增大而发生剧烈紊动,当植物相对体积较大时,植物区首部的二次流运动方向较上游区发生反转,并在下游区形成明显旋涡流;在植物区大体积植物的阻隔作用使明渠动量横向波动幅度明显加大,在下游区强度较大的旋涡流明显减弱了水流动量的整体单向输运强度。     

淹没状态下河道植物偏斜高度与糙率的关系

利用室内变坡水槽,模拟了复式河道滩地3种植物对漫滩水流的干扰作用,并借助声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)施测了不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了不同条件下的河道糙率。基于水动力及植物柔性变形分析,建立了淹没状态下的植物河道糙率计算的基本关系,反映出糙率值不仅与水流动力条件有关,还与植物类型、淹没高度、布置及其自身力学性能有关,同时,利用试验资料及理论分析成果,进一步获取了植物河道的附加糙率值,借此分析与评价河道植物对水流阻力的影响程度。     

导墙对弯形河道中闸室水流条件变化的研究

在水利工程实践和研究领域中,由于地理位置、地形特点,避免不了闸室修建在弯形河道中,弯形河道对闸室的水流特性有着重要的影响。为改变弯形河道水流对闸室的水流影响,针对建设导墙的方式对改变闸室水流条件的影响进行研究,通过试验分别观测闸室加导墙前后的水流流态、流速、水位的变化。结果表明,加导墙后流线呈稳定的曲线向下流动进入闸室,整个水面线比较平缓,流速、波动的幅度变缓,尤其是水位上升变缓慢,这对闸室过流和稳定有利。     

含植物河道等效床面阻力试验研究

植物广泛存在于滩地和河槽中,可有效改善水环境,但同时也增加了水流阻力。通常采用不同材料的棍状物或仿生植物模拟实际植物进行试验研究,将植物阻力附加于床面上与原床面阻力一起构成等效床面阻力,因模拟实际植物的不相似导致含植物河道等效床面阻力的研究不够完善。本文提出了对实际植物分区施加实际流速条件进行试验的思路,即按河道现场调研的植物密度布置,沿横向和垂向对河道横断面分区,对实际植物区域施加实际流速条件,试验研究分区水体中的植物阻力,最后换算得到表征等效床面阻力的等效床面糙率。以独流减河上游河道为对象,选用乔木、灌木和芦苇三种典型植物,考虑河道横断面不同分区的流速条件进行了试验,结果表明,当遭遇100年一遇洪水时,乔木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.060～0.066,灌木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.083～0.099,芦苇种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.698～0.989。研究成果可为防洪计算和水环境治理提供理论支持。     

Reach‐scale interactions between aquatic plants and physical habitat: River Frome,Dorset

Substrate and flow velocity are two key physical factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plants. These two controls are closely related and reflect interactions between flow regime, quantity and calibre of sediment supplied to and bounding river channels, and channel dimensions. Seasonal growth of aquatic plants has important impacts upon flow resistance, flow velocities and sediment dynamics. This paper focuses upon the reach scale and the aggregate impact of the seasonal growth of aquatic plants on the meso‐habitat characteristics of chalk rivers. It provides a contribution to the broader literature by illustrating how submerged and emergent macrophytes interact with one another at the reach scale to control flow patterns and the retention of fine sediment. The research was conducted within the River Frome, Dorset, UK. Four sets of observations from 2004 of the seasonal growth of aquatic plants, flow velocity behaviour and the storage of fine sediment are presented. Aggregate velocity behaviour over the four observation periods is classified using agglomerative, hierarchical cluster analysis. The spatial arrangement of patches exhibiting different aggregate velocity behaviour are explored and the degree to which velocity behaviour can be attributed to physical characteristics of patches and the growth of aquatic plants is discussed. Conclusions include: (i) patterns of aggregate velocity behaviour within reaches are strongly influenced by macrophyte growth; (ii) average fine sediment deposition is higher around emergents such as Sparganium erectum than submerged plants such as Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans; (iii) complementary flow patterns evolve across the river channel as aquatic macrophytes grow and it appears that this allows marginal emergents to scavenge fine sediment from faster flow velocity threads that become diverted towards the channel edges. (iv) These processes are important for mesohabitat evolution and maintenance, and they also contribute to patterns of bank erosion and aggradation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrologically Based Environmental Flow Methods Applied to Rivers in the Maritime Provinces (Canada)

The demand for water withdrawal continues to increase worldwide. These water withdrawals from rivers can affect fish habitat and aquatic life. As such, environmental flow assessment methods are used in order to protect rivers against excessive water withdrawals. The concept of environmental flow relates to the quantity of water required in rivers to sustain an acceptable level of living conditions for aquatic biota at various phases of their development. For many agencies, environmental flow methods are essential in environmental impact assessments and in the protection of important fisheries resources. The present study deals with the evaluation of hydrologically based environmental flow methods within the Maritime Province of Canada. In total, six hydrologically based environmental flow methods were compared using data from 52 hydrometric stations across the region. Some methods provided adequate environmental flow protection (e.g. 25% mean annual flow and Q₅₀ flow duration method); however, other methods did not provide adequate flow protection (e.g. Q₉₀ flow duration method and 7Q10 and 7Q2 low‐flow frequency). The 70% Q₅₀ method provided adequate flow protection only under good baseflow conditions and should be applied with extreme caution. The present study shows the importance of the hydrologic flow regime, particularly as it pertains to the baseflow component, as a significant determinant in the level of instream flow protection. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. River Research and Applications © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of artificial ecological floating beds on river hydraulic characteristics

The artificial ecological floating bed is widely used in rivers and lakes to repair and purify polluted water. However, the water flow pattern and the water level distribution are significantly changed by the floating beds, and the influence on the water flow is different from that of aquatic plants. In this paper, based on the continuous porous media model, a moveable two-layer combination model is built to describe the floating bed. The influences of the floating beds on the water flow characteristics are studied by numerical simulations and experiments using an experimental water channel. The variations of the water level distribution are discussed under conditions of different flow velocities（ v= 0.1 m/s, 0.2 m/s, 0.30 m/s, 0.4 m/s）, floating bed coverage rates（20%, 40%, 60%） and arrangement positions away from the channel wall（ D= 0 m, 0.1 m, 0.2 m）. The results indicate that the flow velocity increases under the floating beds, and the water level rises significantly under high flow velocity conditions in the upstream region and the floating bed region. In addition, the average rising water level value（ARWLV） increases significantly with the increase of the floating bed coverage rate, and the arrangement position of floating beds in the river can also greatly influence the water level distribution under a high-flow velocity condition（v ？0.2 m /s）.     

含沉水植物河道水流流速特性研究

在梯形平底水槽中,用塑料草模拟了沉水植物对水流的影响。结果表明：（1）流速不同、相对植物高度不同的情况下,植物对流速的影响是不同的;（2）含沉水植物的水流垂向流速分布曲线存在一条流速分界线,在其上部流速变大,下部流速变小,流速分界线在植物冠层以上,在相对水深h／H=0．3附近;（3）两株植物叶片之间是否有交叉重叠对水流的阻碍作用是有区别的;有交叉重叠时会额外增加水流阻力;在流速分界线以下,叶片有交叉重叠时流速减小幅度较大。     

基于水生植物修复的玄武湖生态水位研究

在野外采样调查水生植物种类、种群现状和空间分布的基础上,基于湖泊形态分析法和生物空间最小需求法确定了玄武湖最低生态水位,并进一步考虑水生植物的水位需求,制定了水生植物不同生长阶段的生态水位调控方案。结果表明:玄武湖水生植物种类丰富但覆盖度不高,为13.2%,沉水植物的覆盖度很低,为2.1%;玄武湖最低生态水位为9.6 m,萌发期水位为9.9 m时,有利于水生植物尤其是沉水植物的萌发,能达成30%的水生植被覆盖度目标;夏季水位为9.8 m时,能保障湖泊防洪安全,控制过度生长的荷花等挺水植物,促进玄武湖总体水生植物的生长与修复。     

Interactions between vegetation,water flow and sediment transport: A review

The vegetation, as one of the most important components, plays a key role in the aquatic environment. This paper reviews recent progress on the complex interaction between the vegetation and the water flow. Meanwhile, the relationships between the vegetation and the sediment transport are discussed. The vegetation characteristics, such as the shape, the flexibility and the height, have significant effects on the flow structures. The density and the arrangement of the vegetation influence the flow velocity in varying degrees and the flow resistance increases with the increase of the plant density. In turns, the growth of aquatic plants is influenced by the water flow via the direct effect(stretching, breakage, uprooting, etc.) and the indirect effect(changes in gas exchange, bed material distribution, sediment resuspension etc.). Numerical models were developed and widely used for the flow through vegetated waterways, and the results could be applied to solve engineering problems in practice. The sediment is essential for the survival of most vegetation. The existence of the vegetation helps to resist the deformation and the erosion of the bed sediment, to maintain the bed stability and to improve the water quality by removing suspended particles. Additionally, the effects of the sediment transport on the growth of the vegetation mainly consist of the reduction of their photosynthetic capacity by decreasing the water transparency and hindering the exchange of gas and nutrients between plants and water by attaching particles to plant leaves. Therefore, the interaction between the vegetation and the sediment transport is great and complicated. In order to establish a healthy aquatic ecosystem, it is important to study the relationships between the vegetation, the water flow and the sediment transport.     

Lowland River Flow Control by an Artificial Water Plant System

This article concerns the influence of water plants on the river flow. It is known that the influence of the plants is rather strong. Colonies of water plants with long afloat culms create considerable forces of resistance to the flow. They reduce flow velocity and increase a stream depth, what often is desirable. Water plants location in a stream is uncontrollable. They appear in not suitable locations of the river and mostly obstruct than help to control the river flow. Water plants and their colonies served for us as a prototype for creation of the flow control system. A method of computation and field tests that enables designing and arranging an artificial water plant system is presented in this article, and it may be used successfully to increase the river flow depth and to improve navigation, free‐flow (kinetic) hydropower development and recreation conditions. The suggested system for river flow control is simple, cheap and friendly to the environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非淹没刚性植被流动阻力研究

水生植物环境中,水流受植被的阻碍作用,流动阻力增加。为了定量研究植被对水流的阻力,本文采用应力计对非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力进行了实验室测量。能量方程计算的拖曳力与应力计实测的拖曳力进行了对比,两者的一致性证明了拖曳力测力装置的有效性。对不同水深条件下的植被拖曳力的测量表明,非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力与速度的平方成正比,拖曳力系数受雷诺数和能量底坡的影响较大。     

Effects of water level fluctuations on Vallisneria nana in the Burnett River in Southeast Queensland,Australia

Changes in aquatic macrophyte populations in the Burnett River in southeast Queensland, Australia are described with respect to the effects of water level fluctuations and possible impact on the Queensland lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri). This protected fish relies on macrophyte beds as spawning and nursery areas. Studies were conducted prior to, during and following construction of a new weir on the river. Comparative results of impounded and non‐impounded sites were conducted to investigate seasonal and inter‐annual changes in macrophytes and the effects of both a rapid rise in water level when the impoundment first filled and a decline, on new plants in shallow water. Macrophyte communities in newly inundated areas were studied to determine the time taken for seedlings to emerge and reach a cover sufficient to represent spawning habitats for the lungfish. Vallisneria nana dominated the macrophyte beds, which were scoured from the river by a large flow event in May 1998, the effects of which persisted for at least 1 year. Most newly emerging seedlings of Vallisneria perished following a small decline of 7 cm in water level. Decrease in plant biomass and death of established plants in highly turbid water resulted within 6–9 weeks following larger water level rises of 4.0–5.5 m in the new impoundment. In the period leading up to the lungfish‐spawning season at least 5 months is required for submerged plants to reach the 90% cover preferred for spawning. Implications of the results for water level management and lungfish populations are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.