风速对过饱和总溶解气体释放速率的影响

通过不同风速下的过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)室内释放试验,研究风速对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,并根据已有释放模型对释放系数进行估算,建立了过饱和TDG释放系数与风速的定量关系式。结果表明在8.5~9.5℃条件下,风速较小时,水体中过饱和TDG释放相当缓慢,随着风速的增大,过饱和TDG的释放速率显著增大;在无风工况下,TDG释放系数为0.005 42 h-1;当风速为1.08~11.33 m/s时,TDG释放系数为0.007 09~0.066 68 h-1;相对释放系数为1~12.303,拟合的相对释放系数与风速的定量关系式计算偏差在-11.76%~10.21%之间。     

高坝泄水产生溶解气体过饱和水体对鱼类影响的模拟研究

采用高坝泄洪TDG生成预测模型,考虑泄洪水流的非恒定流特征及过饱和TDG水流在河道内的一维动力学释放,模拟某待建坝高289m的高坝工程以单泄洪洞分别持续泄洪不同时间,下游河段内TDG饱和度水体对鱼类影响。以已有鱼类研究成果为标准,研究得到,泄洪流量一定,泄洪持续时间延长,TDG过饱和水体对下河道内鱼类的影响区域从坝下逐渐向下游延长。当泄洪流量、泄洪时间一定,坝下游河道内TDG过饱和水流对鱼类的影响区域沿河流方向逐渐减小。     

过饱和TDG释放系数与泥沙含量的关系研究

随着梯级电站的建成运行,总溶解气体(Total dissolved gas,TDG)过饱和对鱼类的不利影响受到更广泛关注。泄洪多发的夏季常伴随冲沙,泥沙含量的变化对过饱和TDG输移释放过程的影响。在自行设计的具有挡板结构的实验水槽中,开展了不同流量和泥沙含量条件下的过饱和TDG输移释放过程实验研究,并开展数值模拟计算,反算得到各条件下的释放系数。结果表明泥沙的存在增加了水中供溶解气体析出所需的介质,加快了过饱和TDG的释放过程,TDG的释放系数也随着泥沙含量的增大而增大。该研究为探讨加快过饱和TDG释放过程的工程措施和减缓TDG过饱和对鱼类不利影响的生态调度措施研究提供技术参考,具有一定应用价值。     

总溶解气体过饱和对胭脂鱼耐受性和回避性的影响现场试验

为真实反映水电工程天然河道中总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas, TDG)过饱和对鱼类影响的实际情况,选用胭脂鱼幼鱼和成鱼作为研究对象,开展大坝泄洪期间总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响的现场暴露试验,探究不同水深条件下鱼类对总溶解气体过饱和的水体耐受性和回避特性。结果表明:天然河道中,TDG饱和度为115%~117%时,胭脂鱼幼鱼在0~0.3,0.3~1.3,1.3~2.3,0~2.3 m 4个水层死亡率分别为42.5%,30%,7.5%,15%;低TDG饱和度水体也可导致胭脂鱼幼鱼死亡。但随着水深的增加,死亡率呈明显下降趋势,说明补偿水深能有效缓解TDG过饱和水体对胭脂鱼幼鱼的伤害。此外,研究结果也表明胭脂鱼幼鱼具有利用补偿水深来回避TDG过饱和伤害的能力;而胭脂鱼成鱼利用补偿水深逃避TDG过饱和伤害的行为并不明显。研究结果可为鱼类保护措施的制定提供参考依据。     

总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响研究进展

高坝下泄洪水导致大坝下游河道水体总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和,威胁着下游鱼类的生存。目前,高坝泄洪引起的TDG过饱和问题及其对鱼类的影响,已成为备受关注的生态环境问题之一。针对国内已有的研究,从气体过饱和引起的鱼类气泡病症状、耐受性、回避性等方面进行了总结。发现鱼类对TDG过饱和的耐受性阈值并未确定,TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的解决方案尚未明确。提出进一步开展野外原位观测试验,着手TDG与其他环境因子的耦合作用对鱼类的影响研究,以及利用多学科交叉的方法揭示TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的内在机制,有助于水库调度方案和鱼类保护措施的制定。     

中国高坝工程过饱和总溶解气体研究进展

高坝泄洪会导致下游水体总溶解气体过饱和,鱼类长期处于这种环境容易患气泡病甚至死亡.为保护生态环境,找出切实可行的TDG饱和度消减措施,我国针对高坝泄洪导致的总溶解气体过饱和现象开展了大量研究.对高坝工程过饱和溶解气体的产生、释放过程、鱼类对过饱和溶解气体耐受性、TDG饱和度预测模型及TDG过饱和减缓措施的研究成果进行了总结,同时针对已有研究成果的不足提出了建议,旨在为进一步开展研究工作提供参考.     

复杂流动条件下过饱和TDG释放系数的确定

在总结国内外对TDG过饱和问题研究的基础之上，通过物理模型试验并结合数值模拟，以鱼道模型为例研究了绕流、回流等复杂流动条件下过饱和TDG的释放过程及释放系数。结果表明，鱼道模型内挡墙等建筑物的布置使水流出现绕流、回流等复杂水力学特征，由此增加了水体在鱼道内的滞留时间和局部区域的紊动动能，大大增加了过饱和TDG的释放。分析显示，在高紊动区域，过饱和TDG的释放速率与紊动强度成正相关关系。     

TDG过饱和对齐口裂腹鱼的影响及避难所营造研究

为探究山区河流TDG过饱和工况鱼类避难所营造的可行性,以半龄齐口裂腹鱼为研究对象,营造了TDG过饱和室内避难模型,定量开展了不同TDG饱和度工况下的室内实验,通过数理统计及显著性分析的方法对实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:齐口裂腹鱼的避难趋势随着水流TDG饱和度的升高逐渐增强,在主槽上游TDG饱和度小于等于130%时未出现明显的避难行为,140%时开始出现避难趋势,大于等于150%时的避难效应十分明显;实验结束时,TDG饱和度为150%及以下的各工况组中鱼苗的回避率存在显著差异,TDG饱和度为150%及以上各工况组的回避率极显著高于140%及以下的各工况组。     

曝气对过饱和溶解氧消散过程影响的试验研究

为了促进曝气技术在减缓过饱和溶解氧(DO)影响中的应用,设计开展了无曝气工况和曝气工况下的过饱和DO释放试验,研究了曝气对过饱和DO消散过程的影响规律,分析了不同曝气条件下过饱和DO的释放过程和释放系数。试验结果表明,曝气能显著促进过饱和DO的消散,曝气工况下DO饱和度从170%左右消散至105%左右所需时间均小于11 min,而无曝气工况下所需时间最少为240 min；过饱和DO释放系数随曝气量的增大而增大,随曝气水深的增大而减小,与曝气孔径呈现较强的负相关幂函数关系。根据曝气对过饱和DO的释放规律建立了过饱和DO释放系数与曝气条件的定量关系,通过量纲分析建立了过饱和DO释放系数与曝气条件、模型尺寸、流体参数之间的定量关系,两种定量关系中,后者的均方根误差和平均绝对误差较小、相关系数较高,且参数较易获取,因此实用性更好。     

水利工程总溶解气体过饱和问题探讨

从对总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和概念的分析入手,阐述TDG过饱和的危害。通过对不同典型水体TDG饱和度的测量,表明泄流可以导致水体TDG含量增加甚至过饱和。在此基础上,采用试验研究的方法,探讨了TDG过饱和产生原因及其释放过程,表明水利工程泄流引起的TDG过饱和与泄流掺气、压力、紊动强度、水温等要素相关,并由此提出减缓水利工程TDG过饱和影响的建议。     

Experimental study on total dissolved gas supersaturation in water

More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...     

鱼类在TDG过饱和含沙水体中的耐受性

为探讨高坝泄洪引起的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和含沙水体对鱼类的影响,以岩原鲤和鲢鱼为研究对象,开展TDG过饱和含沙水体对不同鱼类的急性暴露试验,根据鱼类受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫后的异常行为和死亡率、半致死时间等指标来分析不同鱼类受胁迫后的耐受性和差异性。试验结果表明:试验初期,试验用鱼出现较明显异常行为和气泡病症状,且岩原鲤早于鲢鱼;相同TDG饱和度下,随着含沙量的增加,试验用鱼半致死时间缩短,且岩原鲤半致死时间短于鲢鱼,表明鲢鱼比岩原鲤具有更强的适应能力和耐受能力;当TDG饱和度较高时,即使含沙量低,也会造成试验用鱼的大量死亡;过饱和TDG是导致试验用鱼死亡的主要原因,但不能忽略泥沙对试验用鱼死亡的促进作用。     

Microanalysis of supersaturated gas release based on wall-attached bubbles

Supersaturation of dissolved gases in natural water, due to spillage from high dams and other factors, may cause fish mortality. In previous experiments, the dissipation coefficient has been used to denote the degassing process of total dissolved gas(TDG) saturation. These experiments mainly analyzed supersaturated TDG dissipation from a macroscopic view. To precisely clarify the mechanism of supersaturated TDG release, this study investigated bubble adsorption at a wall surface from a microscopic view. The experiment was conducted in a Plexiglas-wall container filled with supersaturated TDG water. A model that calculates the adsorption flux of supersaturated TDG by a solid wall, and helps describe construction for a contact angle at a three-phase intersection, was developed according to Young's equation. This model was used to investigate the formation process of bubbles adsorbed on a solid polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) surface in supersaturated TDG water. The adsorption effect of a solid wall on TDG release was analyzed based on the experimental data. The modeling results were compared with observations under different wall area conditions, and it was found that TDG release tended to increase with wall area. This study helps improve our understanding of the mechanisms of supersaturated TDG release and provides an important theoretical method for accurate calculation of the release process. The adsorption flux model of the solid wall provides mitigation measures to combat the adverse effects of TDG supersaturation,which will be beneficial to the protection of aquatic organisms in hydropower-regulated rivers.     

Tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of the rare and endemic fish of the upper Yangtze River to total dissolved gas supersaturation by hydropower stations

Several superhigh dams (greater than 200 m in height) and many high dams have been built in the upper Yangtze River basin in recent years, and these dams have made total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation a serious environmental problem. A few studies have examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of rare and endemic fish in TDG‐supersaturated water in the upper Yangtze River over the past 10 years. These studies focused on specific species and specific sizes and did not identify a regular pattern that can be applied to all resident fish in the upper Yangtze River. However, elucidating this type of pattern is crucial for fishery management and dam operations in the upper Yangtze River. Data on the median lethal time (LT₅₀), horizontal avoidance percentage, and vertical water depth of three rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River from previous studies were used in the current work. An exponential relationship was found between LT₅₀ of fish and TDG supersaturation. The avoidance percentage of fish has a linear relationship with TDG supersaturation. Fish in the upper Yangtze River can use depth compensation to avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is 130% or above but rarely avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is less than 125%. We also described the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of fish in a TDG‐supersaturated river downstream from a super‐high dam. When the dam discharged a two‐year flood, the LT₅₀ values of fish downstream ranged from 9.1 to 27.5 hr regardless of depth compensation. The avoidance percentage of resident fish ranged from 8.4 to 44.8%. The resident fish swam to a water depth of 2.43–3.33 m to avoid the threat of TDG.     

Does swimming activity influence gas bubble trauma in fish?

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation from sources such as hydroelectric dams can cause harmful bubble growth in the tissues of aquatic animals, known as gas bubble trauma (GBT). Locomotion is known to exacerbate bubble growth in tissues during decompression under certain conditions (such as in diving animals), possibly because of increased bubble nucleation. As with decompression sickness, GBT is caused by the supersaturation of tissues with gas, and thus we hypothesize that locomotion promotes bubble nucleation in the tissues of fish exposed to TDG supersaturation. Many previous laboratory studies have tested the effects of TDG on fish exposed to low-velocity, non-directional flow, whereas fish in field conditions are exposed to higher-velocity flows and are likely more active. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of locomotion on GBT to apply laboratory results to active fish in field conditions. We exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to either control (100% TDG) or TDG supersaturation (123% TDG) in either static or flowing water conditions (1.8 Bl/s) and recorded time to 50% loss of equilibrium (LOE). We observed no statistically significant difference in time to 50% LOE between flow conditions. Given the lack of statistically significant difference between static and flowing water, our findings indicate that results from GBT experiments on rainbow trout in non-directional flow are applicable to more active individuals.     

过饱和总溶解气体释放过程预测

通过室内试验,研究泄流水体中过饱和总溶解气体的释放过程,分析了影响气体从水中释放的主要因素。利用原型观测资料对已有的过饱和总溶解气体释放的数学模型进行验证,同时对释放系数公式进行了修正。在此基础上预测了金沙江某电站下游河段过饱和总溶解气体的沿程释放规律。     

水库泄水总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类的危害

水库建设促进了库区渔业养殖的发展，但高坝大库泄水导致的总溶解气体（Total Dissolved Gas, TDG）过饱和可能导致下游河道尤其下一梯级水库的鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡。为探究TDG过饱和对鱼类的胁迫效应，以金沙江梯级电站溪洛渡至向家坝江段为研究对象，构建立面二维TDG动态模型，推求库区控制断面的安全水深阈值，结合库区主要鱼类生活习性和网箱养殖深度，研究TDG过饱和对野生鱼类和网箱养殖鱼类的胁迫效应。结果表明:梯级电站库区的野生鱼类具有足够的垂向空间进行深度补偿以规避TDG过饱和的危害，其生活习性以及利用深度补偿的能力决定了受过饱和TDG胁迫的程度；但养殖鱼类受网箱限制难以自由下潜至安全水深，为保证养殖鱼类的安全，网箱深度至少应大于安全水深阈值，在TDG过饱和胁迫期，鱼类的游泳水深应持续限制在安全水深阈值以下。对于具有利用深度补偿能力的鱼类，梯级电站的库区比最后一个梯级的下游河道更安全，需要对最后一级电站实施比中间梯级更严格的坝下近区TDG饱和度限制标准。     

联合生态调度对超饱和气体影响的数值研究

在水利枢纽之间实现有效调度来减少总溶解气体对鱼类的危害是操作方便又经济的生态调度新方法。该文以哥伦比亚河上超饱和气体现象最严重的大古力坝下游鲁弗斯伍兹湖为研究对象,以现场观测资料为基础,采用二维两相流模型模拟电厂和泄洪孔之间流量转换下的鲁弗斯伍兹湖的超饱和气体浓度,对比分别利用改造泄洪建筑物结构和通过联合生态调度来降低其不利影响的效果,最终目的是通过合理水库调度方式,减轻或弥补对水生态环境的影响。