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1.
高坝下泄洪水导致大坝下游河道水体总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和,威胁着下游鱼类的生存。目前,高坝泄洪引起的TDG过饱和问题及其对鱼类的影响,已成为备受关注的生态环境问题之一。针对国内已有的研究,从气体过饱和引起的鱼类气泡病症状、耐受性、回避性等方面进行了总结。发现鱼类对TDG过饱和的耐受性阈值并未确定,TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的解决方案尚未明确。提出进一步开展野外原位观测试验,着手TDG与其他环境因子的耦合作用对鱼类的影响研究,以及利用多学科交叉的方法揭示TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的内在机制,有助于水库调度方案和鱼类保护措施的制定。  相似文献   

2.
高坝泄洪会导致下游水体总溶解气体过饱和,鱼类长期处于这种环境容易患气泡病甚至死亡.为保护生态环境,找出切实可行的TDG饱和度消减措施,我国针对高坝泄洪导致的总溶解气体过饱和现象开展了大量研究.对高坝工程过饱和溶解气体的产生、释放过程、鱼类对过饱和溶解气体耐受性、TDG饱和度预测模型及TDG过饱和减缓措施的研究成果进行了总结,同时针对已有研究成果的不足提出了建议,旨在为进一步开展研究工作提供参考.  相似文献   

3.
过饱和总溶解气体释放过程预测   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
通过室内试验,研究泄流水体中过饱和总溶解气体的释放过程,分析了影响气体从水中释放的主要因素。利用原型观测资料对已有的过饱和总溶解气体释放的数学模型进行验证,同时对释放系数公式进行了修正。在此基础上预测了金沙江某电站下游河段过饱和总溶解气体的沿程释放规律。  相似文献   

4.
总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,简称“TDG”)过饱和可能直接导致鱼类和水中生物患有“气泡病”甚至死亡。文章为解决该问题开展研究。实验结果表明,在紊动的系列条件下,紊动能促进过饱和总溶解气体的释放,转速和温度对过饱和TDG释放起促进作用,而水深对其起抑制作用。研究还获得过饱和TDG释放系数(释放速率)分别与水深、转速和温度的关系表达式,以及紊动因素对过饱和TDG的影响大小为KTDG,n>KTDG,T>KTDG,H。该研究成果是一种减缓过饱和TDG危害的方法,为探讨减缓过饱和TDG不利影响的措施提供科学指导和依据。  相似文献   

5.
从对总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和概念的分析入手,阐述TDG过饱和的危害。通过对不同典型水体TDG饱和度的测量,表明泄流可以导致水体TDG含量增加甚至过饱和。在此基础上,采用试验研究的方法,探讨了TDG过饱和产生原因及其释放过程,表明水利工程泄流引起的TDG过饱和与泄流掺气、压力、紊动强度、水温等要素相关,并由此提出减缓水利工程TDG过饱和影响的建议。  相似文献   

6.
高坝泄水过程中,坝下河道常伴随出现总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和现象,且在河流输运过程中释放缓慢,可能导致鱼类患气泡病,引发水生态安全问题。原型观测结果表明,过饱和TDG释放速度与河流水深、流速、紊动等水力学要素相关,天然条件下复杂环境因素影响难以分离,水力学参数对河流过饱和TDG的释放影响难以量化。本研究突破了试验室大流量过饱和TDG水流制备难题,采用长距离试验水槽,对不同粒径砂石、砾石、卵石、混凝土河床条件下过饱和TDG输运和释放影响进行研究。结果表明,在浅水条件下,水深对过饱和TDG释放影响较小,流速与水体紊动会增加单位时间内过饱和TDG释放量。不同底质引起水力学条件变化,导致TDG释放快慢不同,本研究量化了底质对过饱和TDG释放系数的影响,随着水槽底质糙率的增大,过饱和TDG的释放量增加,释放系数增大,并进一步提出了过饱和TDG释放系数和糙率的定量关系。研究成果可为真实河流过饱和TDG释放过程分区模拟和TDG时空分布规律探寻提供科学数据和技术支撑。  相似文献   

7.
曲璐  李然  李嘉  李克锋 《水利学报》2011,42(5):523-528
大坝泄水对环境的不利影响之一是会产生总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和现象,导致鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡.在理论分析的基础上,建立了基于面流消能的TDG过饱和浓度预测公式.该预测公式采用平均静水压强作为自变量进行TDG饱和度计算,避免了以往采用很难精确定量的动水压强进行TDG预测而带来的不便.通过对大渡河上龚嘴水电站泄洪期间TDG...  相似文献   

8.
总溶解气体过饱和胁迫下齐口裂腹鱼的耐受和回避特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
高坝工程在泄流时,高速水流强烈的掺气作用导致下游水体中总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和,从而使水体中鱼类患上气泡病,威胁到其生存。本文以二龄齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为研究对象,对其开展了急性致死实验、间歇胁迫实验、水平回避实验和垂直回避实验,结果表明齐口裂腹鱼持续暴露在TDG饱和度为120%、125%和130%的水体中的半致死时间分别为10.7 h、9.5 h和6.5 h。通过短时间的TDG过饱和暴露结合长时间的清水恢复能显著地延长齐口裂腹鱼在TDG过饱和水体中的生存时间。齐口裂腹鱼对饱和度为135%和145%水体具有较强的探知和回避能力,而当水体TDG饱和度为125%及以下时,其探知和回避能力较弱。齐口裂腹鱼在垂直方向具有利用补偿水深来回避水体中TDG过饱和的能力。  相似文献   

9.
通过不同风速下的过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)室内释放试验,研究风速对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,并根据已有释放模型对释放系数进行估算,建立了过饱和TDG释放系数与风速的定量关系式。结果表明在8.5~9.5℃条件下,风速较小时,水体中过饱和TDG释放相当缓慢,随着风速的增大,过饱和TDG的释放速率显著增大;在无风工况下,TDG释放系数为0.005 42 h-1;当风速为1.08~11.33 m/s时,TDG释放系数为0.007 09~0.066 68 h-1;相对释放系数为1~12.303,拟合的相对释放系数与风速的定量关系式计算偏差在-11.76%~10.21%之间。  相似文献   

10.
总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
高坝泄洪形成总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和的含沙水流,由于泥沙的作用,加剧了对高坝下游鱼类的影响。为探讨TDG过饱和含沙水体对鱼类影响的规律,以齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为实验对象,选取中值粒径为7.4μm的泥沙,对TDG饱和度为100%、120%、125%、130%、135%、140%的水体,分别设置0、20、60、80 mg/L的含沙量实验工况,开展含沙水体TDG过饱和的持续暴露实验。实验结果表明,含沙量不同但TDG饱和度保持为100%不变的实验组中,未出现实验鱼死亡现象。TDG饱和度为130%时,含沙量为0、20、60、80 mg/L的实验组中,实验鱼的半致死时间分别为15.3 h、10.75 h、8.3 h、7.85 h。在TDG饱和度相同时,含沙量越高半致死时间越短,但高含沙量实验组(60 mg/L,80m g/L)的半致死时间相差不大;含沙量相同时,TDG饱和度越高,半致死时间越短。  相似文献   

11.
    
Several superhigh dams (greater than 200 m in height) and many high dams have been built in the upper Yangtze River basin in recent years, and these dams have made total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation a serious environmental problem. A few studies have examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of rare and endemic fish in TDG‐supersaturated water in the upper Yangtze River over the past 10 years. These studies focused on specific species and specific sizes and did not identify a regular pattern that can be applied to all resident fish in the upper Yangtze River. However, elucidating this type of pattern is crucial for fishery management and dam operations in the upper Yangtze River. Data on the median lethal time (LT50), horizontal avoidance percentage, and vertical water depth of three rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River from previous studies were used in the current work. An exponential relationship was found between LT50 of fish and TDG supersaturation. The avoidance percentage of fish has a linear relationship with TDG supersaturation. Fish in the upper Yangtze River can use depth compensation to avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is 130% or above but rarely avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is less than 125%. We also described the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of fish in a TDG‐supersaturated river downstream from a super‐high dam. When the dam discharged a two‐year flood, the LT50 values of fish downstream ranged from 9.1 to 27.5 hr regardless of depth compensation. The avoidance percentage of resident fish ranged from 8.4 to 44.8%. The resident fish swam to a water depth of 2.43–3.33 m to avoid the threat of TDG.  相似文献   

12.
Elevated levels of the Total Dissolved Gas (TDG) may be reached downstream of dams, leading to increased incidences of gas bubble diseases in fish. The supersaturated TDG dissipates and transports more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of the greater depth and the lower turbulence, which endangers the fish more seriously. With consideration of the topographical characteristics of a deep reservoir, a laterally averaged two-dimensional unsteady TDG model for deep reservoir is proposed. The dissipation process of the TDG inside the waterbody and the mass transfer through the free surface are separately modeled with different functions in the model. Hydrodynamics equations are solved coupling with those of water temperature and density. The TDG concentration is calculated based on the density current field. A good agreement is found in the simulation of the Dachaoshan Reservoir between the simulation results and the field data of the hydrodynamics parameters and the TDG distribution in the vertical direction and their unsteady evolution with time. The hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG concentration are analyzed based on the simulation results. This study demonstrates that the model can be used to predict the evolutions of hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG distribution in a deep reservoir with unsteady inflow and outflow. The results can be used in the study of the mitigation measures of the supersaturated TDG.  相似文献   

13.
    
More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...  相似文献   

14.
为真实反映水电工程天然河道中总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas, TDG)过饱和对鱼类影响的实际情况,选用胭脂鱼幼鱼和成鱼作为研究对象,开展大坝泄洪期间总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响的现场暴露试验,探究不同水深条件下鱼类对总溶解气体过饱和的水体耐受性和回避特性。结果表明:天然河道中,TDG饱和度为115%~117%时,胭脂鱼幼鱼在0~0.3,0.3~1.3,1.3~2.3,0~2.3 m 4个水层死亡率分别为42.5%,30%,7.5%,15%;低TDG饱和度水体也可导致胭脂鱼幼鱼死亡。但随着水深的增加,死亡率呈明显下降趋势,说明补偿水深能有效缓解TDG过饱和水体对胭脂鱼幼鱼的伤害。此外,研究结果也表明胭脂鱼幼鱼具有利用补偿水深来回避TDG过饱和伤害的能力;而胭脂鱼成鱼利用补偿水深逃避TDG过饱和伤害的行为并不明显。研究结果可为鱼类保护措施的制定提供参考依据。  相似文献   

15.
为了促进曝气技术在减缓过饱和溶解氧(DO)影响中的应用,设计开展了无曝气工况和曝气工况下的过饱和DO释放试验,研究了曝气对过饱和DO消散过程的影响规律,分析了不同曝气条件下过饱和DO的释放过程和释放系数。试验结果表明,曝气能显著促进过饱和DO的消散,曝气工况下DO饱和度从170%左右消散至105%左右所需时间均小于11 min,而无曝气工况下所需时间最少为240 min;过饱和DO释放系数随曝气量的增大而增大,随曝气水深的增大而减小,与曝气孔径呈现较强的负相关幂函数关系。根据曝气对过饱和DO的释放规律建立了过饱和DO释放系数与曝气条件的定量关系,通过量纲分析建立了过饱和DO释放系数与曝气条件、模型尺寸、流体参数之间的定量关系,两种定量关系中,后者的均方根误差和平均绝对误差较小、相关系数较高,且参数较易获取,因此实用性更好。  相似文献   

16.
    
Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation in the upper Yangtze River caused by high spill rates upstream of hydroelectric dams has become a serious environmental problem in recent years. TDG supersaturation downstream of the Xiangjiaba Dam was investigated during flood periods in 2014 and 2015. Alongside this, an in situ study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of TDG supersaturation on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and rock carp (Procypris rabaudi). TDG supersaturation levels ranged from 115% to 131% in 2014 and from 118% to 128% in 2015. During 2014, TDG supersaturation first decreased and then increased and finally remained relatively stable. In contrast, the TDG supersaturation level remained between 122–126% for a relatively long time in the 2015 study period. During 2014, grass carp confined to water depths of 0–1 and 1–2 m began to die after 45 hr of exposure, and most grass carp died between 90 and 130 hr when TDG supersaturation level was greater than 127%. The first observed death during 2015 occurred after 30‐hr exposure. The survival of rock carp was greater than 50% when they were restricted to water depths of 0–1 m. Only three rock carp died when they were confined to water depths of 0–2 m, and no dead fish were recorded at water depths of 0–3 m.  相似文献   

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