三峡水电站蜗壳保压浇筑外围混凝土的设计研究

三峡水电站钢蜗壳采用充水保压方式埋入混凝土。计算分析了 3种蜗壳保压埋入混凝土方案和保压水头值与蜗壳外围混凝土结构应力的关系。探讨了解决保压蜗壳中提高水轮机抗振性与减小混凝土应力之间矛盾的方法。     

三峡水电站“充水保压”钢蜗壳外围混凝土结构三维有限元分析

本文介绍三峡水电站蜗壳结构三维有限元计算结果，结果表明：三峡水电站钢蜗壳选用充水保压浇筑外围混凝土的埋置方式是合适的；采用78～88m保压水头值比较合适；蜗壳结构各截面最大拉应力值出现在不同荷载组合情况下，在配置钢筋时应引起重视。     

高水头水电站蜗壳结构受力特性研究

针对柳洪水电站高水头充水保压混凝土蜗壳，进行了充水保压值优选；根据选定的充水保压值。采用三维有限元方法对蜗壳和外围钢筋混凝土进行了非线性分析，并对二者在温度荷载作用下的应力与变形情况进行了计算分析；对蜗壳的振动特性进行了初步分析．     

某抽水蓄能电站充水保压蜗壳保压值优化研究

针对某抽水蓄能电站充水保压蜗壳,采用三维非线性有限元法,对不同的保压值下钢蜗壳及环向钢筋应力、外围混凝土应力及承载比、钢蜗壳与外围混凝土的接触状态等进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,保压值越大对外围混凝土的受力越有利,但过大的保压值会使得蜗壳与外围混凝土之间出现脱空现象,这对机组运行是不利的。该水电站蜗壳保压值为496 m左右时,可以在保证机组稳定运行的前提下更大程度的发挥钢材及混凝土受力特性。     

充水保压蜗壳与外围结构联合承载过程的力学仿真分析

水电站充水保压蜗壳兼备直埋式与垫层式蜗壳的优点,但受力分析复杂。为此,以一个HD值较高的蜗壳为例,应用三维有限元法研究了充水保压蜗壳与外围结构联合承载的过程,模型和计算过程精细,展示了联合承载过程中各结构的力学规律。结果表明:充水发电时,蜗壳与混凝土大部分区域闭合,脱开的面积约3%;外围混凝土大部分区域处在压应力状态,受拉部位少且拉应力较低,钢筋拉应力较小,此情况被现场观测所证实;采用常用公式或完全用有限法计算,蜗壳承载比的计算结果相差不超过3%;蜗壳充水保压值越低,充水运行期与混凝土的接触压力越大、蜗壳的承载比越小,因此蜗壳宜取较小的充水保压值,有利于减少振动;与常规打压顺序相比,非常规打压顺序不利于蜗壳与混凝土的贴合。此成果为该水电站的蜗壳设计提供了重要参考,电站已全面投产,蜗壳及外围结构工作表现良好。     

毛尔盖水电站充水保压蜗壳对厂房结构自振特性的影响分析

为分析充水保压蜗壳对毛尔盖水电站厂房结构自振特性的影响,采用有限元法建立了厂房整体结构模型,分别进行了两个工况的计算:工况一,考虑机组运行时钢蜗壳与外围混凝土结合紧密;工况二,蜗壳和外围混凝土完全脱开。在此基础上,通过对引起结构振动的振源及其频率的分析,进行了初步的共振校核,结果表明:充水保压方案对钢蜗壳的抗振有利。     

三峡水电站充水保压蜗壳平面非线性分析

采用自编的三维钢筋混凝土非线性有限元程序，对三峡水电站充水保压蜗壳进行了平面非线性分析，分析了钢蜗壳及外围钢筋混凝土的应力变形特性。非线性计算分析表明，在蜗壳进口断面处，虽然外围混凝土较薄，但在设计内水压力、结构自重和设备重量这些荷载组合作用下，蜗壳进口断面混凝土可能不会开裂，因此钢材应力均比较低，结构具有较高的安全度。说明现有配筋方案钢筋用量可能偏多，没有充分发挥钢材的作用，在进一步设计时可以适当优化。     

接触滑移对不同埋设方式蜗壳结构应力的影响分析

水电站厂房蜗壳结构中，蜗壳与外围混凝土之间的接触滑移客观存在。为研究接触滑移对蜗壳结构应力的影响，本文采用三维面面接触单元对不同埋设方式蜗壳结构进行了三维有限元计算。计算结果表明，考虑接触滑移后与共节点模型相比，垫层蜗壳外围混凝土孔周应力平均值可降低约30%以上，而钢蜗壳应力增加约27%；当摩擦系数由0.25增大到1.0时，蜗壳外围混凝土孔周应力平均值也增大30%左右；而考虑接触滑移与否对直埋蜗壳结构应力影响很小，差值不超过3%。因此在利用有限元求解蜗壳结构应力时，垫层蜗壳考虑接触作用将使计算结果更加合理，而对于直埋蜗壳和充水保压蜗壳，不考虑接触作用对结构应力的影响很小，共节点模型仍然可以在实际工程中采用。     

三峡水电站厂房充水保压钢蜗壳外围混凝土结构研究

三峡水电站厂房充水保压蜗壳外围混凝土结构研究项目属水利水电工程学科领域的研究内容，该项目是专门研究三峡水电站蜗壳结构型式的合理性和安全性。三峡水电站设计装机26台水轮发电机组，单机容量700MW，总装机容量18200MW，是一座超巨型水电站，也是我国目前在建的容量最大的水电站，参数属世界前列。水轮机     

基于接触模型的充水保压蜗壳工作机理及外围混凝土温控措施研究

针对水电站厂房充水保压蜗壳结构,提出了一种基于接触模型的工作机理及外围混凝土温控措施研究方法。结合充水保压蜗壳的结构特点、边界条件以及施工过程,开展施工及运行期的瞬态温度场仿真分析;基于混凝土徐变本构模型研究蜗壳结构施工早期混凝土温度应力的规律,同时利用三维非连续变形接触问题的有限元混合法来模拟施工过程中钢衬及外围混凝土的结构位移及应力变化规律,探讨钢衬与外围混凝土的联合承载机理。结合某抽水蓄能电站给出了工程应用实例。该方法为充水保压蜗壳工作机理研究及温控设计提供了新的计算方法及研究思路。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.