粗粒土水平渗流试验数值模拟研究

土工模型试验中,渗流边界的确定需要详细了解岩土介质的水平渗流特性,因而水平渗流试验是研究岩土介质水平渗流特性的主要试验方法。以往在进行水平渗流试验数值模拟研究中缺乏对岩土介质入口截面速度分布均匀性的考虑,这对粗粒土的水平渗流试验的准确性分析会产生明显影响。运用ANSYS fluent模拟粗粒土水平渗流试验,改进了简化的水平渗流试验装置二维几何模型,并对比改进前后岩土介质入口截面速度分布情况。研究结果发现:简化的水平渗流试验装置二维几何模型改进后(设置一定水平管摆放高度0.4 mh0.2 m),渗流开始时岩土介质入口截面速度分布均匀度提高了20%以上,对水平渗流试验是有利的。然后根据湿润锋倾角随时间变化情况绘制出了湿润锋倾角随时间变化曲线,得到湿润锋倾角随时间呈现二次方变化,为水平渗流试验装置水平段长度设计提供了参考依据。最后针对水平渗流试验装置二维几何模型的渗流过程分析给出了水平渗流试验计时测量起点位置的确定方法。研究结果为水平渗流试验装置的设计从数值模拟的角度提供了一条新思路。     

耦合高效高精度水动力模型的多组分污染物输移及衰减反应模型

为更好地模拟水污染事件中多组分污染物输移及衰减反应过程,全面耦合了基于图形处理器(GPU)加速技术的二维水动力模型与多组分污染物输移及衰减反应模型,通过改进模型源代码并在污染物输移控制方程中嵌入衰减项与反应项,建立了一个可应用于大区域复杂地形河道洪水演进全过程及多组分污染物输移和衰减反应的高性能耦合模型,同时引入GPU技术提升计算效率。将耦合模型应用于理想地形静水和两个复杂地形河道入流与溃坝算例的水质模拟,结果表明:多组分污染物输移及衰减反应过程在理想算例中的数值解与解析解基本吻合,在入流与溃坝算例中的模拟结果符合实际物理过程,模型运行速度快且计算效率高,可高效地模拟各类突发水污染事件并进行预警和评估。     

Processing Modflow软件在地下水污染防治中的应用

ProcessingModflowforWindows是国际上较为先进的模拟地下水流动和污染物在地下水中输移的软件，它操作简便，界面良好，可用来模拟多种地下水流动和污染情况．介绍了该软件的原理、功能和使用方法，针对海河流域普遍存在的排污河，运用该软件对地下水污染的范围和程度进行了估算和预测。     

中山河口近岸海域混合区敏感点访问几率研究

以黄海中山河口近岸海域水动力、污染物输移扩散规律及污染物排放量对附近海域影响为主要研究内容。建立二维水流、水质模型,利用有限体积法离散方程并对中山河口近岸海域的水动力状况及污染物输移扩散规律进行数值模拟;选用COD为主要的污染物指标,模拟计算污染物混合区,然后确定混合区内相对不利的3个敏感点,应用统计学原理,统计混合区近岸边缘污染物访问几率。     

裂隙岩体二维渗流水力学理论模型研究

本研究主要内容包括 :裂隙岩体随机网络模拟、分形几何描述裂隙岩体参数几何特征、二维裂隙岩体等效渗透系数估算、二维裂隙岩体渗流应力耦合 非耦合模型、三维等效连续介质渗流模型、二维裂隙岩体连续介质与离散介质耦合模型、渗流模型与离散元应力模型耦合分析工程问题等。(1)利用三维裂隙网络随机模拟模型 ,针对乌江构皮滩水利枢纽工程平硐裂隙数据 ,研究其裂隙几何参数的分布情况 ,对其中一个优势裂隙组进行了模拟和检验。在模型中 ,基于蒙特卡罗方法 ,对裂隙隙宽的模拟进行了尝试。并应用分形几何的理论对其网络分维和裂隙数分维进行了研究 ,提出应用分形几何来模拟裂隙岩体中裂隙几何参数的方法。(2 )基于裂隙网络的转形 ,提出了裂隙岩块等效渗透系数的简便算法。与数值计算方法比较 ,其计算更简便迅速。 (3)推导了裂隙渗流和应力耦合的理论关系 ,建立二维裂隙岩体渗流应力耦合 非耦合非稳定流模型和三维等效连续介质渗流模型。耦合模型中应用经典耦合关系进行了计算验证 ,模型可以计算多种耦合关系。 (4)建立二维裂隙岩体连续介质和离散介质耦合非稳定流模型 ,并对其数值算法进行了研究。耦合模型使用离散介质渗透理论描述岩体主干裂隙中的水运动 ,使用连续介质渗流理论来描述岩体次要裂隙及孔     

月牙泉渗流场数学模型及治理方案研究

建立月牙泉区域非均质、非稳定流二维地下水渗流场数值模拟模型，通过模拟预测取得不同结果，并结合渗流场的水文地质条件、供水量和投资费用三者的协调统一，筛选出不同渗水条件下泉湖水位上升最佳组合作为泉湖治理方案。     

平面二维河床变形的数值模拟

为了研究河道平面二维的河床变形问题，及由此而引起的对防洪、航运等造成的影响，本文给出出非均匀沙的平面二维全沙动床数学模型方程组，并考虑了移质不和饱和输移、非均匀沙推移质输移及床沙级配的调整。在求解水流泥沙运动方程时，采用控制体和只法及动边界技术，对水流速度场、悬移质浓度场及河床变形进行了数值模拟。该模型采用正交曲线网格来克服天然河道边界形状复杂、长度尺度相差悬殊以及由于水位波动引起计算边变化等等困     

不同径流条件下钱塘江突发性水污染事故影响的预测模拟

采用二维潮流水质模型对钱塘江河口突发性水污染事故对水质的影响进行了模拟预测。分析结果表明:随着上游径流流量加大,污水团输移的速度明显加快,最大浓度也有所降低。同时随着污染物在输移过程中稀释扩散,超标总历时沿程逐渐增大,污染物最大浓度沿程逐渐降低。模拟及计算结果显示:突发污染事故后,加大上游的下泄流量,对加快污染团下移、稀释污染团从而降低污染物浓度的作用非常明显,模拟结果可为处理突发性水污染事故提供提供重要的理论依据。     

分汊型河道水流运动特性和污染物输移规律研究进展

对分汊型河道的水流运动特性和污染物输移扩散规律的相关研究进行综述,分别从分汊型河道中分汊口、交汇口、整个分汊河道的水流特性及分汊型河道中的污染物输移特性等4个方面进行总结。介绍分汊口和交汇口处的水流从其能量损失、水位变化、水流分离等一维、二维过流特征到三维流动结构和紊动特性的研究过程;从野外现场试验、室内物理模型试验和数学模型模拟等角度出发阐述了整个分汊河道的水流特性;认为污染物在分汊河道中的输运规律研究主要集中在数值模拟上,并进行了回顾和分析;提出分汊河道水流水质输移特性研究中一些有待深入探究的问题,尤其亟待加强不同排放方式、不同污染物密度和不同分汊形态下污染物输移机制的试验研究。     

基于隐格式水动力模型的庄河养殖海域污染物运动轨迹的数值模拟

基于非结构四叉树矩形网格,建立了近岸海域深度平均二维隐格式水动力数学模型,通过耦合拉格朗日粒子追踪法和粒子云团随机走动原理计算水体污染物的运动轨迹。水动力数学模型采用有限体积方法离散方程,使用Rhie-Chow的动量插值方法对同位网格不合理的压力波加以抑制,并使用SIMPLEC程式导出水位校正方程。通过对"工"字型理想海湾的水动力、风与流共同作用下正方形海湾的油膜输移及扩散状况进行模拟验证后,将该模型应用于计算北黄海庄河养殖海域的水动力特性以及污染物在海中的输移过程和运动轨迹,最后给出该海域模拟期间的污染物运移规律。研究结果对庄河养殖海域的水环境管理有重要的意义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。