流域生态环境需水计算

介绍了我国流域生态需水研究现状,在对流域生态环境需水计算的前提条件进行阐述的基础上,根据生态需水的水文学原理以及生态系统学原理,从8个方面提出了流域生态环境需水的计算方法,以确定整个流域的生态环境需水量,从而合理量化生态需水总量,达到水资源优化配置的目的.     

渭河宝鸡段河流生态需水量估算分析

河流生态需水研究是水资源优化配置的基础性工作,也是维持和改善生态系统、实现水资源永续利用的保障。以渭河干流宝鸡段为例,基于生态基流、输沙需水和自净需水三方面考虑,最终估算出渭河宝鸡段现阶段河流生态需水量为19.01亿m3。与渭河宝鸡段上游来水量相比,生态需水量缺口较大。最后从增加上游来水量、区段内的节水及控污、建立有效的管理体制等方面提出若干针对性建议。研究成果一定程度上丰富了生态环境需水理论研究,也为维护流域生态环境建设和水资源合理利用提供参考。     

关于生态环境需水概念的探讨

本文通过对生态环境与水的关系分析,认为"生态环境需水"是个多维向量;对生态环境需水进行了分类;分析了生态环境需水量的两个来源,提出了生态环境需水的概念.     

额济纳绿洲植被生态需水及其估算

生态需水是当前水问题的一个研究热点,对于生态环境急剧恶化的内陆干旱区,这一研究尤为紧迫。以额济纳绿洲为例,依据GIS技术进行生态分区并且采用阿维里扬诺夫估算方法,对其1998年和2004年的生态需水量进行了计算。结果表明:当植被生态系统结构发生变化时,其相应的需水量也发生变化,额济纳绿洲植被1998年和2004年的最低生态需水量分别为5.8494×108m3和5.9083×108m3。不同时期生态需水的定量计算和定性分析,对科学制定生态恢复方案和水量分配方案具有很大的现实意义和借鉴作用。     

城市生态环境需水量计算方法与应用

城市生态环境需水最的计算是城市水资源优化配置的前提和基础，也是进行城市生态环境评价的一项重要内容。现有的生态需水量的计算方法中存在很多问题，为了更趋科学合理地计算城市生态需水量，提出了城市生态需水量的计算范围应包括城市河道、湖泊、绿地的生态需水量等，从水量和水质的角度讨论了各自的计算方法，并以郑州市为例，进行了城市生态需水量的计算。     

济宁城区河道生态补水分析

本文以济宁城区河道为例,探讨城区河道内满足不同功能的最小生态环境需水量,并从蒸发需水、渗漏需水、河流输沙需水、维持稀释自净能力需水、维持河流下游生态地下水位需水、维持水生生物栖息地需水、景观用水等多方面进行需水量分析计算。     

流域生态用水与需水研究

水资源不合理利用导致了严重的生态环境问题，流域生态用水与需水研究对流域水资源配置具有重要意义，应用水量平衡原理，提出计算不同频率流域生态用水与需水方法，并以海河流域为例，计算了不同保证率时的生态用水量与需水量，主要结论为，水循环与水量平衡理论是研究流域生态需水的基本原理；生态用水等于水资源总量减去生活生产耗水量；根据不同水资源条件下年生态需水量进行生态配水。     

生态需水及其计算方法探讨

在我国经济发展过程中,水资源的不合理配置引发了一系列生态环境问题,研究生态需水对保护各区域的生态环境系统有着重要意义。笔者从生态需水的概念出发,将生态需水量化过程划分为河道内和河道外两部分,并介绍了相应的计算方法。     

西北地区生态需水的量化与分析

我国西北地区在社会经济发展过程中，水资源的不合理配置引发了一系列生态环境问题，研究西北地区生态需水对保护当地的生态环境系统有着重要意义。从生态需水的概念出发，将生态需水量化过程划分为河道内和河道外两部分，并介绍了相应的计算方法和公式。在对西北地区进行生态分区的基础上,运用上述方法，计算出西北地区的生态需水量，其结果对西北地区水资源可持续利用有一定参考价值。     

滦河下游区域生态环境用水安全分析

针对水资源开发利用引起的生态环境问题,从生态环境安全的角度出发,计算了滦河下游区域生态环境需水量,包括城市生态环境需水、河道内生态环境需水和湿地生态环境需水3部分。结果表明:2010年和2020年滦河下游区域生态环境需水总量分别为39.54亿m3和40.01亿m3;滦河下游区域规划城市生态供水基本满足需求,而其河道内生态需水和湿地生态需水处于不安全状态。     

论述电力工程的河流生态需水

要保证水资源可持续利用,必须保证生态需水。本文阐述了水电站在调度的过程中对坝(闸)下游区生态的主要影响及河道内生态需水分类。本研究不仅丰富了生态(环境)需水的理论内涵,同时为研究水资源工程生态需水提供依据。     

额济纳地区绿洲恢复生态需水量研究

在现有研究的基础上,再度明确了生态需水量的涵义;通过对干旱地区植被生态需水量现有计算方法的分析,考虑植被盖度对生态需水量的影响,提出了计算干旱地区天然植被生态需水量的新方法;在对额济纳绿洲现状分布特点分析的基础上,综合考虑绿洲恢复规模和生态功能之间的关系,提出了额济纳绿洲恢复的若干方案,应用所提出的生态需水量计算方法对各方案生态需水量进行计算,并以研究区未来可利用水资源总量为约束,确定了额济纳绿洲未来的恢复方案。     

基于管理目标的塔里木河干流下游生态需水研究

依据生态管理思想,建立基于管理目标的塔河下游生态需水研究体系:首先根据流域自然地理特征、生态保护规划等进行生态管理分区,在各分区内设定不同的管理目标,并进行生态需水计算。最后综合水资源配置的结果,探讨生态用水及其配置方式问题。研究认为:塔河干流下游生态需水量在不同管理目标下存在显著差异,应综合生态环境、水资源、社会经济等的现状和发展要求,拟定动态的生态保护目标;以应急输水为主的生态用水方式是有成效的,但由于现行应急输水方式并不具有可持续性,研究区生态存在较大风险;在生态用水配置方面,应该通过优化输水时间和输水方式使有限的水资源与生态需水的时空要求最大化匹配。     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

江口水库最小生态需水研究

根据水量平衡原理,建立了水库最小生态需水计算模型.以江西省新余市江口水库为例,确定其最小生态需水量及其逐月分配过程.     

Establishing Environmental Water Requirements for the Murray–Darling Basin,Australia's Largest Developed River System

There is a global need for management of river flows to be informed by science to protect and restore biodiversity and ecological function while maintaining water supply for human needs. However, a lack of data at large scales presents a substantial challenge to developing a scientifically robust approach to flow management that can be applied at a basin and valley scale. In most large systems, only a small number of aquatic ecosystems have been well enough studied to reliably describe their environmental water requirements. The umbrella environmental asset (UEA) approach uses environmental water requirements developed for information‐rich areas to represent the water requirements of a broader river reach or valley. We illustrate this approach in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) in eastern Australia, which was recently subject to a substantial revision of water management arrangements. The MDB is more than 1 million km² with 18 main river valleys and many thousands of aquatic ecosystems. Detailed eco‐hydrologic assessments of environmental water requirements that focused on the overbank, bankfull and fresh components of the flow regime were undertaken at a total of 24 UEA sites across the MDB. Flow needs (e.g. flow magnitude, duration, frequency and timing) were established for each UEA to meet the needs of key ecosystem components (e.g. vegetation, birds and fish). Those flow needs were then combined with other analyses to determine sustainable diversion limits across the basin. The UEA approach to identifying environmental water requirements is a robust, science‐based and fit‐for‐purpose approach to determining water requirements for large river basins in the absence of complete ecological knowledge. © 2015 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ecological water requirements for the source region of China's Yangtze River under a range of ecological management objectives

Consumptive and non-consumptive ecological water requirements are quantified to meet different management objectives of terrestrial and wetland ecosystems in the source region of the Yangtze River. Consumptive uses are summed, while the rule of compatibility is used to estimate non-consumptive ecological water requirements. The volume of water needed to compensate for evaporative losses in terrestrial ecosystems is determined based on the complementary relationship between actual and potential evapotranspiration. For the riverine habitats, 89.6% of the natural river discharge should be maintained in order to maintain the aquatic ecosystems of the source region in their current state.     

A Pilot Global Assessment of Environmental Water Requirements and Scarcity

Abstract

This paper presents a first attempt to estimate the volume of water required for the maintenance of freshwater-dependent ecosystems at the global scale. This total environmental water requirement consists of ecologically relevant low-flow and high-flow components and depends upon the objective of environmental water management. Both components are related to river flow variability and estimated by conceptual rules from discharge time series simulated by the global hydrology model. A water stress indicator is further defined, which shows what proportion of the utilizable water in world river basins is currently withdrawn for direct human use and where this use is in conflict with environmental water requirements. The paper presents an estimate of environmental water requirements for 128 major river basins and drainage regions of the world. It is shown that approximately 20 to 50 percent of the mean annual river flow in different basins needs to be allocated to freshwater-dependent ecosystems to maintain them in fair conditions. This is unlikely to be possible in many developing countries in Asia and North Africa, in parts of Australia, North America, and Europe, where current total direct water withdrawals (primarily for irrigation) already tap into the estimated environmental water requirements. Over 1.4 billion people currently live in river basins with high environmental water stress. This number will increase as water withdrawals grow and if environmental water allocations remain beyond the common practice in river basin management. This paper suggests that estimates of environmental water requirements should be the integral part of global water assessments and projections of global food production.     

海河流域河道外生态需水研究

水土流失是海河流域较为突出的生态环境问题之一。经对比研究发现，植被覆盖度的变化会通过影响洪充量，土壤侵蚀量等因子，进而改变水土流失的状况。从提高植被覆盖度尤其是低覆盖度草地植被的角度出发，定量研究了为改善流域水土流失状况河道外生态需水的具体数额，得出海河流域现状年河道外生态耗水（降水）385亿m^3。另外，为改善河道外生态环境状况将低覆盖度草地提高地提高至中等覆盖度水平，则需要增加生态需水12．5亿m^3。     

不同类型生态环境需水量计算方法的探讨

为合理分配水资源，使水资源利用效率最大化，科学地计算生态环境需水量，对不同类型的生态环境需水量计算模型进行探讨与选择。笔者重点对河流及河流流域、湖泊、城市的生态环境需水的内容、生态环境特征进行了分析，选取了相应的计算模型。