环境影响评价在水利水电工程建设中的主要功能及作用——以张峰水库工程为例

本文论述了环境影响评价在水利水电建设项目中的地位、作用;论述了水利水电工程环境影响的主要特点;论述了水利水电工程环境影响评价的主要职能。以张峰水库工程为例,简要论述了环境影响评价在水利水电工程中所解决的几个常见而又重要的环境问题：水环境保护问题、水温问题、最小下泄流量问题、淹没损失问题、移民生活问题、下游水资源利用影响问题、上下游经济发展不均衡问题。     

机组组合问题的优化方法综述

机组组合问题是编制短期发电计划首先要解决的问题，合理的开停机方案 将带来很大的经济效益，由于问题十分复杂，很难找出理论上的最优解，文中介绍了机组组 合问题的数学模型，分类综述了从60年代起该问题的主要解法，比较了各种方法的优缺点， 并提出了尚待研究的问题。     

电网EMS系统全数据记录分析之研究

本文提出了当前EMS系统难以解决的若干问题,指出产生问题的关键是EMS保存的历史数据不是全数据,针对问题根源提出了解决方案并付诸实施,成功地解决了存在的问题。     

浅论环境影响评价在水利水电工程建设中的作用—以张峰水库工程为例

本论述了环境影响评价在建设项目中的地位、作用；论述了水利水电工程环境影响的特点；论述了水利水电工程环境影响评价的主要职能。介绍了山西张峰水库工程概况。以张峰水库工程为例。简要论述了环境影响评价在水利水电工程中所解决的几个常见而又重要的环境问题：水环境保护问题、水温问题、最小下泄流量问题、淹没损失问题、移民生活问题、下游水资源利用影响问题、上下游经济发展不均衡问题。本对于了解水利水电工程环境影响的特点、了解环境影响评价在水利水电工程中的作用有一定的意义。     

论水利与成都可持续发展

本文阐述了水利与可持续发展的关系，展望了２１世纪成都面临的水问题：缺水问题，水旱灾害问题，城市化问题，水土流失问题；用辩证的观点提出了对策建议：缺水问题－开源与节流，人与洪水－抗御与适应，人与江河－隔离与回归，生态建设－治标与治本。     

香港污水越界排放经济分析

越界环境污染问题是当今世界较难解决的环境管理问题之一。本文在概括总结了有关国内外越界环境问题的研究现状之后，从环境经济学的基本理论出发，应用环境经济学的基础理论之一———外部性理论，对越界环境问题的环境经济学含义进行了分析。在对现有的越界环境问题的解决方法以及原则进行了概括和总结之后，本文讨论了越界环境问题中的外部不经济性问题，探讨了解决越界环境外部不经济性问题所能应用到的环境外部不经济性内部化的一般方法。为了能够更好地确定越界环境影响情况，本文还对越界问题中的污染物的传输途径进行了分析，认为污…     

也谈中国水工业

本文简要说明了水工业的概念与特点,着重论述了当前水工业所面临的发展问题和解决这些问题的基本对策,强调只有解决了资金问题和体制问题,水工业才能得到持续、快速和协调的发展.     

峡江水电站涉网安全问题引发的思考

本文介绍了峡江水电站在并网发电前发现的一些问题，并对这些问题产生的原因进行了剖析，提出了消除这些问题根源的建议。     

龙江水电站枢纽工程主要技术问题研究与工程措施

龙江水电站枢纽工程处于高震区,坝址区地质条件复杂,工程技术难度很高。围绕建设期工程主要技术问题,相继开展了一系列专题研究和科研试验工作,提出工程处理措施和方案,成功解决了拱坝基础地质问题、抗震问题、坝体混凝土温控问题、火山灰掺和料应用问题及引水压力钢岔管优化问题等关键技术问题,成效理想,为工程建设提供了坚实的技术支撑,也积累了宝贵经验。     

涉及生态环境需水的水资源合理配置

对涉及生态环境需水的水资源合理配置问题进行了探讨，提出了面向生态的水资源合理配置问题、基于降水资源的合理配置问题、针对不同地区不同条件的配置方法问题及河流水资源配置的40％原则，并对相关问题进行了进一步的探讨，有助于对水资源合理配置理论的进一步认识。     

An evaluation of flood forecasting,warning and response systems in the European Union

This paper presents results from the EUROflood research project sponsored by the European Commission under the EPOCH programme. The paper evaluates levels of development of flood forecasting, warning and response systems (FFWRS) in the European Union with reference to riverine and tidal floods in The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Portugal. An experimental evaluation methodology, comprising fourteen criteria and five development stages, is used to evaluated FFWRS. Flood forecasting is the starting point, but the research addresses entire FFWRS. Despite advances in flood forecasting, FFWRS often under-perform because warning dissemination and response are unsatisfactory.FFWRS have developed in response to different water resource management problems, varying flood characteristics and different historic, cultural and institutional factors. FFWRS for flood defence and flood emergency response are the main focus, but they are also important for navigation, bridge clearance, fishing, recreation and industry. France, parts of Germany, The Netherlands and England and Wales have relatively mature FFWRS. FFWRS are much less well developed in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Portugal, and important areas for enhancement are identified in all countries. Cross-country and within-country comparisons reveal the potential for knowledge transfer, although ultimately the unique circumstances of each country places limits upon this process.     

The Design of an International Real Time Data Collection System: SADC-HYCOS

It is increasingly clear that there is a need to assist National Hydrological Agencies in Africa to improve their hydrometric data collection capabilities and at the same time to halt the decline in hydrometric standards. This has to be achieved in a cost-effective and sustainable way and, at the same time reinforce existing systems with new technology and equipment and strengthen the institution capacity of these agencies. The Southern African Development Community-Hydrological Cycle Observation System (SADC-HYCOS) will provide the framework, methodologies and tools to achieve this goal. This paper provides the first opportunity to inform the global hydrological community of the aims and activities of the SADC-HYCOS project. Significant advances will be made in the installation of real time data collection platforms and transmission system, the development and implementation of a regional database, the improvement and/or development of data exchange and dissemination systems using a regional electronic network and Internet links, the development of hydrometeorological products from the database and establishing a large scale training programme relating to activities during the life-time of the project. SADC-HYCOS will promote the collection, processing and exchange of hydrological data and information within the region and raise the profile of the regional hydrological issues, hydrological research, operational hydrology, availability of data and information to a global audience.     

基于互联网的水利枢纽工程安全监测系统开发

对水利枢纽工程中的泵站、水闸、堤坝等水工建筑物运行状态进行连续自动化监测和评价有利于及时发现工程运行中的早期缺陷,减少事故发生的概率。研制的水利枢纽工程安全监测系统采用了基于Internet和移动网络的分层分布式系统结构,可以实现大范围分布式数据采集、集中监测管理,所使用的振弦裂缝计、渗压计具有安装方便和长期稳定特点。另外,采用基于富互联网互联的软件体系和采用Silverlight、Ajax等跨平台软件开发方法,实现了系统配置、多种数据采集方法集成、基于Web的远程监测和异常报警、监测参数的预测和相关性分析等功能。实际运行效果表明,该系统稳定可靠、使用方便,监测管理人员可以随时随地观测和分析工程的安全状况。     

广西钦江流域水沙年际变化规律分析

为了探究河流水沙的变化规律及影响因素,利用钦江陆屋流域1957—2016年的长时序年降水量、年径流量和年输沙率数据,采用5年滑动平均法、R/S检验法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、累积距平法及复Morlet小波分析法分析以上序列的趋势性、突变性和周期性;运用双累积曲线法分析降水和径流输沙关系的变化;最后结合流域森林转型特征来进行分析。结果表明:(1)降水量弱上升、径流量减少、输沙率显著减少,在α=0.05和β=0.01的显著水平下,降水量和径流量无变异,输沙率弱变异。降水量在1962年、1971年、1989年和2013年发生突变,径流量在1963年、1971年、1989年和2007年发生突变,输沙率在1967年、1971年、1981年和2001年发生突变。降水量存在4类时间尺度,23 a、13 a分别为第一、二主周期;径流量序列存在3类时间尺度,14 a、9 a分别为第一、二主周期;输沙率序列存在4类时间尺度,22 a、5 a分别为第一、二主周期。(2)降水量-径流量累积关系分为两个阶段,即1957—1988年和1989—2016年,斜率分别为0.006 8、0.005 8;降水量-输沙量累积关系分为四个阶段:1957—1962年、1963—1988年、1989—1998年和1999—2016年,斜率分别为0.014、0.019 4、0.016 4、0.009,造成水沙关系变化的原因是人类活动的影响。(3)广西林业建设和森林转型的发展过程是径流量和输沙量不断发生变化的原因。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

延河流域水沙还原计算方法探讨

黄河上中游水土流失严重，水资源紧缺，人们为了合理开发利用水利资源，控制水土流失，进行了大规模的水利水土保持工作。今天的黄河已成为人工控制程度很高的河流，水文、泥沙特征受到水利水土保持工程的影响，许多水文站观测的资料并非天然状况。在评估水利工程减水减沙作用时，需要了解无水利水保工程条件下的水沙情况。本文即以延河流域为例，探讨了在人类活动影响下还原天然水沙量的计算方法。经过分析比较认为，用多站多因子逐     

Effects of channel restabilization on habitat diversity,twentymile creek,mississippi

Twentymile Creek, a sand-bed stream draining a 450 km² catchment in northeast Mississippi, was channelized prior to 1910, in 1938, and in 1966. Straightening and enlargement in 1966 was followed by channel instability—rapid bed degradation (2-4 m) and cross-section enlargement by 1.4 to 2.7 times. Grade control structures (GCS) (weirs with stoneprotected stilling basins) and various types of streambank protection were constructed along the channel in the early 1980s to restore stability. Other investigators have suggested that habitat recovery in incised, channelized streams is facilitated by construction of GCS because they create stable scour holes and promote natural formation of a low-flow channel flanked by vegetated berms. Effects of restabilization of Twentymile Creek on aquatic habitats were assessed in four ways. The fraction of the bank line covered by woody vegetation was mapped from aerial photographs taken in 1981 and 1985; physical habitat (depth, velocity, substrate, and cover) and fishes were sampled at base flow; and the existence and size of a low-flow channel was ascertained from cross-section surveys taken in 1980 and 1989. Woody vegetation, physical aquatic habitat, and fishes were also sampled from Mubby-Chiwapa Creek, a similar-sized unstable channel with no GCS. Physical habitat variables and fishes were sampled concurrently at five stations on Twentymile Creek, and four stations on Mubby-Chiwapa. Four of the five Twentymile stations were either above or below a GCS. Bank-line woody vegetation cover increased 8 per cent between 1981 and 1985 along Twentymile Creek but was stable along Mubby-Chiwapa. Reaches above and below GCS were deeper with slower current velocities than elsewhere. Mean Shannon diversity indices based on physical data were similar for both streams, but were 58 per cent higher for stations immediately above and below GCS than for other stations. Since construction of the GCS and bank protection measures, longitudinal berms have formed within the enlarged Twentymile Creek channel, creating a low-flow channel. Low-flow channel capacity was equivalent to a mean daily discharge equalled or exceeded 30 per cent of the time, and was considerably lower than the effective discharge. Differences in aquatic habitat diversity among the stations sampled were primarily due to the scour holes below the GCS and the low-flow channel. Thirty-nine fish species were collected from Twentymile Creek, but only 22 from Mubby-Chiwapa. Fourteen species were collected exclusively at GCS. Principal component analyses of the abundance of the eight numerically dominant fish species indicated similar faunas at most stations, but Twentymile Creek GCS stations were faunistically distinct. Abundance of several of the numerically dominant species was positively influenced by greater depths and lower velocities found near Twentymile GCS. The mean fish diversity index for Twentymile Creek was 29 per cent higher than for Mubby-Chiwapa, and fish diversity was positively correlated with substrate diversity and mean depth.     

Women and WASH in Nepal: a scoping review of existing literature

ABSTRACT

The relationship between gender and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is an issue for many developing states. This scoping review demonstrates that in Nepal, women bear the major social burden of inadequate WASH services and are under-represented in WASH-related policies and programmes. Four themes emerge: gender and water projects; lack of equal female participation in WASH policy development and implementation; women’s access to water; and menstruation and menstrual hygiene. Major cultural barriers embedded in Nepali society limit women’s access, agency and participation in WASH-related policy and practice.     

The ecological history of Lake Erie as recorded by the phytoplankton community

Lake Erie's water quality has fluctuated since European settlement due to cultural eutrophication and the effects of invasive species. Our attempts to understand the cause-and-effect linkages between observed ecosystem changes and various stressors are evolving. Non-indigenous species, pollutants, land-use and climate change that can alter a lake's physical and chemical environment can manifest rapid changes in community composition and abundance of phytoplankton. As such, for many decades researchers have used phytoplankton data from Lake Erie to track environmental changes. We provide a chronological account of previous and ongoing assessments of pelagic algae to summarize past and present environmental conditions of Lake Erie. This review necessarily focuses on diatom-based assessments as their preserved remains in sediments have been used to hind-cast human-induced impacts and recovery. Because of their uniqueness, this review summarizes where possible the long-term trends according to the western, central and eastern lake basins. Overall, this historical assessment summarizes a period of significant eutrophication throughout most of the 20th century, followed by water quality improvement due to nutrient reductions and establishment of filter-feeding dreissenids. Recent data suggest new issues associated with blooms of diatoms and blue-green algae. The challenges facing Lake Erie underline the need for continued monitoring and evaluation of historical records that will help us distinguish natural from anthropogenic changes, and to reveal the causes and extent of environmental insults in order to make management decisions.