石粉对碾压混凝土性能及微观孔结构的影响

粉煤灰资源短缺及不经济问题日益突出，石灰石粉可否替代粉煤灰需深入研究。试验研究了不同掺量石粉取代粉煤灰对碾压混凝土工作性、抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及抗渗性的影响规律；同时通过吸水动力法测试砂浆孔结构，开展了石粉取代粉煤灰对砂浆微观结构的影响研究。试验结果表明:石粉取代粉煤灰，可细化砂浆平均孔径，使砂浆微观结构更密实，可提高碾压混凝土工作性及抗渗性；但石粉的掺入降低了胶凝材料活性，不利于碾压混凝土强度的发展。综合考虑石粉取代粉煤灰对碾压混凝土各性能的影响，试验推荐石粉取代率不宜超２７％。     

碾压混凝土中高掺石灰石粉与粉煤灰的耦合作用

以占胶凝材料总量60%的石灰石粉与粉煤灰进行不同比例复掺,开展了不同胶凝材料碾压混凝土的抗压强度、抗冻性能和抗渗性能试验研究,利用水化热、扫描电镜以及压汞法对不同比例石灰石粉与粉煤灰胶凝体系的水化过程与微结构形成进行了分析。研究发现,当石灰石粉与粉煤灰总量占胶凝材料总量的60%且石灰石粉取代粉煤灰比例为50%时,由于早期石灰石粉促进水化加上粉煤灰的填充效应、后期粉煤灰的火山灰活性以及石灰石粉的密实效应,二者的耦合作用可使得碾压混凝土形成密实的微结构,获得良好的力学性能和耐久性能。     

石粉替代部分粉煤灰对碾压混凝土性能的影响研究

研究了石粉代替部分粉煤灰对碾压混凝土和易性、抗压强度、劈拉强度、极限拉伸值等力学性能的影响，并比较了0、50％两种取代率的碾压混凝土凝结时间、绝热温升、抗剪强度、抗渗、抗冻等性能。试验结果表明，石粉替代部分粉煤灰对碾压混凝土的和易性，抗渗、抗冻性能影响较小，混凝土的凝结时间变短，绝热温升降低，但碾压混凝土的力学性能随石粉掺量的增加而减小。     

严寒地区碾压混凝土抗冻性能研究

严寒地区碾压混凝土的抗冻性能是影响工程质量的量等对碾压混凝土抗冻性的影响.研究结果表明:掺加适量石粉可提高碾压混凝土的密实性和抗冻性,在不提高胶凝材料用量的基础上,通过配合比优化,可设计出高粉煤灰掺量、低绝热温升、高抗冻(＞F300)的碾压混凝土,满足严寒地区碾压混凝土工程需要.     

石灰石粉——一种新的碾压混凝土掺和料

经过20年的发展，富胶凝材料高掺粉煤灰碾压混凝土已成为中国碾压混凝土筑坝技术的特色。但在粉煤灰资源匮乏或没有的地区，远距离调运粉煤灰很不经济。石灰石粉可以代替粉煤灰用作碾压混凝土筑坝。本文讲述了石灰石粉的颗粒特征，石灰石粉在碾压混凝土中的作用，以及用石灰石粉作为掺和料配制碾压混凝土的研究和应用。     

石粉代替粉煤灰作为掺合料在水工碾压混凝土中的应用

石粉作为一种掺合料在水工碾压混凝土中大量添加,在国内工程中尚不多见。通过试验得出结论:石粉代替粉煤灰作为掺合料,其掺加量可达胶凝材料总量的30%。试验结果表明:由于石粉基本属惰性材料,采用掺石粉代替粉煤灰,它的微集料效应和自身的密度对早期强度的影响接近粉煤灰,但对混凝土后期强度发展无显著贡献。当水灰比0.6、粉煤灰和石粉掺量分别30%时,极限拉伸和绝热温升值可同时满足设计要求。     

石粉代替粉煤灰作为掺合料在水互碾压混凝土中的应用

石粉作为一种掺合料在水工碾压混凝土中大量添加,在国内工程中尚不多见.通过试验得出结论:石粉代替粉煤灰作为掺合料,其掺加量可达胶凝材料总量的30%.试验结果表明:由于石粉基本属惰性材料,采用掺石粉代替粉煤灰,它的微集料效应和自身的密度对早期强度的影响接近粉煤灰,但对混凝土后期强度发展无显著贡献.当水灰比0.6、粉煤灰和石粉掺量分别30%时,极限拉伸和绝热温升值可同时满足设计要求.     

石粉代替粉煤灰作为掺和料在水工碾压混凝土中的应用

石粉作为一种掺合料在水工碾压混凝土中大量添加，在国内工程中尚不多见。通过试验得出结论：石粉代替粉煤灰作为掺合料，其掺加量可达胶凝材料总量的30％。试验结果表明：由于石粉基本属惰性材料，采用掺石粉代替粉煤灰，它的微集料效应和自身的密度对早期强度的影响接近粉煤灰，但对混凝土后期强度发展无显著贡献。当水灰比0．6、粉煤灰和石粉掺量分别30％时，极限拉伸和绝热温升值可同时满足设计要求。     

石粉在碾压混凝土中的作用

碾压混凝土自身特点是掺合料大，水泥用量低，掺合料一般占胶凝材料的比例高达50％-70％。石粉已成为碾压混凝土掺合料不可缺少的组成部分，石粉的最大作用是提高了碾压混凝土浆砂比，明显改善了碾压混凝土可碾性和层间结合。通过石粉在碾压混凝土中的作用研究，使我们对石粉作为掺合料的品质、特性、利用等性能有了更系统全面的认识，为石粉在碾压混凝土中的应用提供了科学的依据。     

石粉掺合料对碾压混凝土工作性及强度的影响

粉煤灰资源日益紧张,采用石粉替代粉煤灰势在必行.保证掺合料掺量不变,石粉以不同掺量取代粉煤灰,以单掺粉煤灰为基准,对比研究石粉掺合料对碾压混凝土工作性及强度的影响.结果表明:与单掺粉煤灰相比,掺入石粉会改善碾压混凝土工作性,降低碾压混凝土强度;掺入石粉对碾压混凝土劈裂抗拉强度影响较大,对混凝土抗压强度影响较小.石粉掺量15%、粉煤灰掺量40%,可配制出满足强度设计要求的碾压混凝土,既减少了强度的浪费,又兼顾经济环保.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。