基于物理模型实验的城市道路雨水口平立结合改造对积水防涝影响研究

道路雨水口是城市排水系统的重要组成部分,其泄流能力直接影响城市道路的积水程度。北京在“十四五”期间将对全市23万处雨水口进行平立结合改造。为保障雨水口改造的效果,开展了偏沟式雨水口和联合式雨水口物理模型试验。通过377组工况试验,研究了雨水口是否按规范要求比周边地面下沉3 cm、雨箅子形式、雨箅子堵塞程度、雨水管道淤堵程度、道路积水深度等因素对雨水口收水率和泄水能力的影响。结果表明：(1)雨水口箅面标高是否按规范下沉对道路积水内涝影响较大。(2)在排水管道能力充足的情况下不同雨箅子形式对下沉雨水口的收水能力影响不大。(3)道路积水一定深度后雨水口的过流能力决定于与其连接的雨水管道自身的排水能力。(4)雨箅子堵塞情况下,联合式雨水口的泄流能力要强于偏沟式雨水口。(5)联合式雨水口的抗堵塞能力明显优于偏沟式雨水口。依据实验结果提出了通过雨水口平立结合改造治理积水内涝的建议,研究成果可为道路雨水排水系统的设计、建设和改造提供理论参考和技术支撑。     

不同形式雨水口泄流能力的试验研究

雨水口作为连接地表径流与地下管流的重要关口,其泄流能力大小至关重要。该文在精细考虑完整的雨水口结构基础上,对横格条以及顺格条型雨水口进行了133组恒定流试验。通过对篦前水深、不同出流模式下率定的流量系数对比,分析了雨水通过雨水口的下泄过程,提出了相应计算公式,其研究成果可为雨水口设计计算、布设间距、方式等防汛排涝对策研究提供依据。     

浙江省标雨水口泄流实验研究

以浙江省常用的浙江省标准型偏沟式雨水口为实验研究对象,搭建了1∶1的水泥模拟路面,以路面总径流量和路面横坡、纵坡为实验变量进行了63组不同工况的实验内容。测量了雨水口上游的径流宽度和深度,分析雨水口上游径流流态。从雨水口泄水量和泄流效率两个方面分析了浙江省标准型雨水口的泄水能力,以复核2001浙S10中定义的浙江省标型雨水口的泄水能力值。将实验数据与孔口出流理论相结合,验证孔口出流理论在偏沟式雨水口泄流上的适用性,发现在横坡和纵坡变化范围不大时,孔口出流理论在预测泄流效率上有较好的应用性。     

三峡工程泄水深孔体形和水力特性研究

一、概述本文结合三峡泄水深孔的模型试验,着重研究压板坡度(S)的变化对短管泄流能力和沿程压力分布的影响。并根据深孔运用水头,在不发生空化水流的前提下,提出泄水短管压板段的优化坡度。在保持压板段起始断面高度D_3不变的情况下(即保持检修门槽后进口断面尺寸不变),改变压板坡度、抬高深孔出口断面高度D_2,使其泄流能力增大(含压板坡度变缓流量系数增加和孔口高度增大流量增加两部分),深孔孔数减少。或者缩小除出口控制断面外的     

提高带胸墙孔口溢洪道泄流能力的分析与应用

1引言在水利工程溢洪道设计中，其进口常设置有带胸墙的泄流孔口，这种布置型式可在库水位较低时开始池流，有利于提高水库汛限水位，降低坝高，同时利用胸墙挡水，泄洪孔口尺寸较小，闸门尺寸也较小，可节省工程投资。当库水位超过胸墙底线一定高度时（即e／H0≤0．75，见图1），孔口出流为闸孔出流，池流能力可按下式计算：闸孔自由出流的流量系数；尸——反映闸孔形状和闸门相对开度；e／仇——对泄流量影响的流量系数；。——垂直收缩系数；。1－－－－一面侧收缩系数；e——闸门开度；n——孔数；b——孔口净宽；HO——包括行近流速…     

道路坡度对路面排水的影响研究

采用美国联邦公路管理局提出的偏沟和雨水口流量计算方法,经计算发现我国《雨水口》(16S518)标准图集中雨水口泄水能力推荐值有不合理之处。通过分析国内外道路坡度和雨水口布置的相关要求,结合案例计算,总结了道路横坡、纵坡、箅前水深和雨水口布置间距之间的变化关系,并提出道路设计漫幅的推荐值。通过调整道路设计坡度,将道路路面转变为兼具收集和输送路面雨水功能的路面行泄通道,并利用曼宁公式计算了路面行泄通道的排水能力。     

无坎宽顶堰堰流流量系数的探讨

为方便而又精确地确定无坎宽顶堰的堰流流量系数,通过比较、分析几例已建工程水工模型试验数据,指出在进行水闸泄流能力计算或确定水闸规模时,采用SL265—2001《水闸设计规范》中的计算公式,应合理确定堰流流量系数的适宜取值范围.提出在自由出流条件下,按常规设计的闸墩结构和闸室上下游连接段为矩形断面的无坎宽顶堰,堰流流量系数m在0 36～0 375之间取值更为适宜.     

浑水异重流孔口出流泄沙规律

对垂直壁孔口和底孔出流的室内试验资料,以及三门峡水库、官厅水库的现场异重流孔口泄沙资料进行分析,得到出流含沙量与孔口高度和泄出层厚度的经验关系曲线。此关系曲线可用于估算在一定条件(孔口流量、异重流含沙量、孔口高度)下的出口含沙量。最后分析了孔口距底高度对浑水异重流孔口出流的影响,提出设计多沙河流上水库浑水异重流孔口泄沙的孔口位置时应注意的要点。     

城市道路横截沟泄流效率试验研究

横截沟常设置于停车场入口、城市下穿隧道、机场停机坪等无适宜横坡或纵坡坡度过大的场所对道路径流进行截流,其泄流效率决定了降雨期间地下管网系统的泄流量,提高横截沟泄流效率对预防城市内涝的发生具有重要意义。利用长12 m、宽3 m、高0.5 m的试验平台,研究了在不同的入流径流量和纵坡坡度组合下8种横截沟雨水篦子对径流的截流情况,重点分析了上游水流水力参数及横截沟雨水篦子几何参数对泄流效率的影响。试验结果表明:不同篦子泄流效率与径流弗劳德数间的关系不一致;增大篦子开孔长度对提高泄流效率比增大开孔面积更有效;在篦子面积、开孔率、开孔面积相同时,开孔交错分布的圆形开孔篦子比开孔对称分布的矩形开孔篦子更有利于泄流。在曼宁公式及孔口出流公式的基础上提出了计算试验篦子泄流效率的经验公式,预测值与试验值之间的相对误差小于15%。     

提高带直角胸墙溢洪道泄流能力及驼峰堰过流特性研究

本文为在对水库溢洪道泄流孔口胸墙底缘型式的试验研究和若干具体工程实践的基础上写成.试验证明,带有直角胸墙的泄流孔口加设流线型导流板后,在上游水位较高时能提高泄洪能力30%,甚至更大一些.这对提高水库溢洪道泄洪保坝能力和当前对水库工程普遍进行检查复核工作,具有实际意义.本文建议采用横椭圆型的导流板,给出几种型式不同的导流板的孔流流量系数实验公式.文中还探讨了驼峰堰的过流特性,并提出驼峰型低堰的堰流系数公式.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。