农业非点源污染模型研究进展及发展方向

随着对点源污染的进一步控制，非点源污染已经成为水环境的重要污染源，甚至是首要污染源。而在各类非点源污染中，农业非点源污染最为突出。对农业非点源污染进行定量化的最直接有效的途径就是数学模拟。本文概述了国内外的农业非点源污染模型研究的历史和现状，并指出了农业非点源污染模型的研究方向。     

农业非点源污染模型浅析

作为非点源污染研究的最重要内容之一，农业非点源污染模型日益受到学术界的高度重视，也取得了长足进展，本文介绍了70年代以来几个有代表性的农业非点源污染模型，并作了对比分析及初步的发展趋势预测，对于我们在管理和研究这方面工作有一定意义。     

江西省各县市农业非点源氮潜在负荷分布特点

随着人类经济活动的深入,水污染已经成为全球性的问题.经调查发现水质污染主要原因是农业非点源污染.近年来农业非点源污染已经成为环境污染研究的热,但是江西省非点源氮污染估算及分布研究还是空白,本文利用输出系数模型估出江西省各县市的氮潜在负荷量,并分析其非点源污染的特点.     

三江平原农业非点源污染现状分析及防治对策研究

目前,农业非点源污染问题已经成为全球普遍关注的焦点.近些年来,为了解决国家的粮食安全问题,三江平原的粮食种植业和畜禽养殖业有了迅速的发展,在此过程中,存在着诱发农业非点源污染的可能性.因此,以挠力河流域为例,对三江平原农业非点源污染现状进行了分析,借鉴国内外经验,对三江平原农业非点源污染防治策略进行了较为系统的研究,为三江平原生态环境保护以及农业可持续发展提供了科学依据.     

农业非点源污染研究进展

国外农业非点源污染研究起步于20世纪60年代,非点源污染研究的历史已有40多年,各国科学家系统地探索了非点源污染物污染特征、类型、单场暴雨、长期平均污染负荷输出和模型模拟等方面的研究,并付诸管理实践等方面的研究。我国的非点源污染相关研究起步较晚,往往局限于狭义的非点源污染的研究。在简单介绍我国农业非点源污染研究的基础上,指出不足,并提出改进建议。     

农业非点源污染研究的现状及应用新进展

介绍了农业非点源污染现状及研究进展,分析了农业非点源污染研究中存在的问题,对未来农业非点源污染研究进行了展望。     

AnnAGNPS模型在太湖流域丘陵区适用性研究

太湖流域位于长江三角洲南缘,其富营养化和水污染日趋严重的现象已成为国内外广泛关注的环境问题。目前流域的农业非点源污染比较突出,尤其是湖岸周围的丘陵区,农业活动频繁且距离太湖较近,在降雨条件下随径流流失的农田营养盐是太湖非点源污染物的重要来源。结合实测资料及利用ArcGIS、ArcView等GIS软件,建立太湖流域典型丘陵区（梅林小流域）AnnAGNPS模型数据库,将非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS运用于研究区,进行农业非点源污染数值模拟,结果表明,预测结果与实际观测结果基本相符,相关程度较高,认为该模型可用于太湖典型丘陵区,因而该模型在太湖典型丘陵区非点源污染研究方面具有一定的应用价值。     

农业非点源污染水质模型进展

作为研究农业非点源污染对水质稳定定量化的重要方法，农业非点源污染水质模型发挥着越来越重要的作用，介绍了几个被广泛应用的典型农业非点源污染水质模型：AGNPS、ANSWERS、CREAMS/GLEAMS、PRZM、SWRRB/SWAT和UTM-TOX，总结了它们各自的应用和局限性，并对各个模型的特点进行了对比，进而对农业非点源污染水质模型的发展趋势进行了总结，对模型的发展有一定的指导意义。     

我国农业非点源污染现状研究

我国农村的非点源污染已经开始对生态环境产生巨大影响,尤其对地表水和土壤的影响更为严重.该文首先概述了农业非点源污染的特点、现状及危害等;其次表明了农业非点源污染主要来自农用化肥、农药的使用和畜禽废水、废物的排放;最后提出了控制非点源污染的相关对策.     

AGNNPS模型在小流域农业非点源污染中的应用

九龙江是龙岩、漳州和厦门3市的饮用水源,同时该流域又是近海流域.目前流域的农业非点源污染比较突出,因此,对九龙江流域农业非点源污染的研究,具有重要的现实意义和理论价值.AGNPS模型是美国研制的、专用于模拟小流域土壤侵蚀、养分流失和预测评价农业非点源污染状况的计算机模型.在九龙江上游遴选了一个典型农业流域--五川流域,将AGNPS模型全面、系统地引入到五川流域的农业非点源污染的模拟研究中.利用流域实测的数据,验证了AGNPS模型在该流域的适宜性.研究结果表明,模拟值与实测值基本相符,相关程度较高,该模型可以用于南方丘陵区小流域氮、磷流失的预测与评价.     

流域水环境保护政策与法规探讨

针对长江流域水环境保护与农业面源污染防治中存在的主要问题,从流域可持续发展的角度,对流域水环境保护立法、面源污染防治条例及其配套政策和市场机制进行了探讨,提出制定流域性的水环境保护法规和农业面源污染防治条例建议。     

GIS-Aided Modeling of Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts on Surface and Ground Waters

An application of GIS-aided modeling is done at an area in South Florida. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is interfaced with a nonpoint source pollution model to facilitate data storage, management and display; derivation of model input parameters; and effective presentation of results. parameters, and to visually present results in maps. Results for current conditions and practices show that sediments, nutrients and pesticides are present in surface runoff and ground water. Two alternatives to minimize pollution levels are evaluated, i.e., reduction of fertilizer application to the minimum required for effective agricultural growth and replacement of fertilizers with sewage sludge. In addition, the impact of urbanization of the agricultural area to the pollutant levels is tested. Both alternatives and the urbanization result in overall reduction of pollution.     

Comparing Policies to Improve Water Quality when Dischargers of Pollutants are Strategic

Abstract

Market-based instruments such as fees or tradable permits can be used to simultaneously regulate point and nonpoint sources of pollution discharge into a river. However, sources of pollution discharge often have more information about their own costs of pollution abatement than do regulators. This information asymmetry may lead to strategic behavior, which can lead to different outcomes under different policies. This paper estimates a Nash payoff of a two-period strategic game using econometrically estimated abatement costs for point and nonpoint source phosphorus discharges in the Minnesota River Basin. Results show that when dischargers of pollutants are strategic, discharge permits may yield lower deadweight losses than discharge fees.     

Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in water resources: A review

Increasing public awareness, stricter measures and promulgation of new laws in the area of water resources have made the use of advanced technologies indispensable. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an effective tool for storing, managing, and displaying spatial data often encountered in water resources management. The application of GIS in water resources is constantly on the rise. In order to stress the importance of GIS in water resources management, applications related to this area are addressed and evaluated for efficient future research and development. Fundamentals of GIS are summarized and the history of the GIS evolution in water resources is discussed. Current GIS applications are presented including surface hydrologic and groundwater modeling, water supply and sewer system modeling, stormwater and nonpoint source pollution modeling for urban and agricultural areas, and other related applications. Future research and development needs are presented, based on these reviews.     

Research on Runoff Sub-model of Non-point Source Pollution Model

Abstract

In light of the current ability to treat point source pollution, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution has become the primary cause of water pollution. In order to manage and control NPS pollution, we must conduct research on NPS pollution. An effective means for such an endeavor is to construct a mathematical model. However, in the present continuous time and distributed parameter NPS models, such as SWAT, parameter requirements are so numerous that their application is very difficult. In order to make such a model convenient for application, research was first conducted before constructing a new continuous time and distributed parameter NPS pollution model based on hydrodynamics. In this paper, as one of its sub-models, the runoff sub-model is introduced. This sub-model is composed of the SCS model and the water routing model that was constructed by the authors of this paper. This water routing model is based on Saint-Venant equations. Through Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform mathematical modeling, the outflow hydrograph that is an S-curve was obtained. Then, the authors built the relation between S-curve and water- collecting area coefficient, from which the water routing model is derived. In order to calibrate and validate the new model, the authors applied it in the Guishuihe watershed with satisfactory results. The results show that it has value in application, especially in the area where data are scarce.     

基于GIS的SWAT模型原理及其在农业面源污染中的应用

非点源污染已成为全球重要的环境问题,数学模型是当前非点源污染研究的核心内容。介绍了GIS与非点源污染模型的结合,并以SWAT模型为例阐述了基于GIS的数学模型在农业面源污染研究中的应用。     

江苏省农业非点源污染地区差异评价与控制对策

对江苏省13个市的水环境农业非点源污染进行了分类调查,并采用等标污染负荷的评价方法对各类污染源进行了评价。结果表明:南京、无锡、镇江、常州以生活污染为主;徐州、宿迁、泰州、盐城、连云港、淮安、南通以化肥污染为主;苏州、扬州两地畜禽粪便污染、生活污染、化肥污染和精养鱼塘污染均占一定的比例。针对不同地区提出了控制农业非点源污染的对策。     

透水性流域非点源产污模型的初步研究

产污量过程计算是流域非点源污染模型的一个重要组成部分. 通过对负荷率过程进行标准化处理，提出了一个简便易用的流域非点源产污计算模型，即标准产污量与净雨量相等，产污量过程与净雨过程一致. 实测资料检验表明，该方法可用于多种不同类型的污染物。     

博斯腾湖流域农业面源污染现状分析

基于2007年博斯腾湖北4县农业面源污染实测资料及博斯腾湖水质历史资料,计算了农田排渠污染物入博斯腾湖总量,并分析了博斯腾湖流域农业面源污染的来源、季节变化特点及其影响因素。结果表明,博斯腾湖流域农业面源污染产生的TN、TP和COD的总量分别为5.86万t、1.55万t、10.06万t,其中95%以上的污染物来自畜禽养殖活动和化肥的施用;流域内产生的各种污染物主要通过33条排渠进入博斯腾湖,TN、TP、COD和盐量分别占入湖总负荷量的21%、21%、24%和48%,且排放时间主要集中每年4—9月;农业面源污染加重了博斯腾湖的咸化与富营养化趋势。根据博斯腾湖流域农业面源污染的特点,提出了推广节水灌溉、适度开发焉耆盆地地下水资源、推广平衡施肥技术等对策和建议。