冻融作用对岸坡土体宏微观特性及岸坡稳定性影响研究

冻融作用是季冻区岸坡失稳破坏的主要原因。以黄河内蒙古什四份子弯道岸坡土体为对象,通过三轴剪切和扫描电镜试验,研究了冻融作用下岸坡土体的宏观和微观特性,并基于强度折减法,对冻融前后岸坡稳定性进行了分析。结果表明：随冻融循环次数增加,土体弹性模量、黏聚力和抗剪强度均呈减小趋势,其中弹性模量大小与含水率成反比,黏聚力在15次冻融后降幅达43.6%～60.04%,内摩擦角无明显变化规律;冻融后土体颗粒真圆度和孔隙概率熵随冻融次数增加先下降后上升,颗粒分形维度变化趋势与之相反,土体定向性和孔隙率呈增大趋势;黏聚力与土体孔隙率和颗粒真圆度相关,特别是与孔隙率呈高度负相关性,且土体微观参数间有明显的自相关性;冻融后岸坡稳定安全系数降幅达41.8%,说明冻融作用会显著降低岸坡稳定性,冻融后岸坡易发生失稳破坏。     

浸没式人工刚性植被群分布对弯道水流特性的影响

自然弯曲河流中,浸没式植被的存在及分布会改变其水动力特性,进而影响弯曲河道泥沙输移及底床变化。该研究采用180°U形折叠往返式水槽模拟天然弯道河流,木棒模拟刚性植被,运用声学多普勒流速仪(AcousticDoppler Velocimeter, ADV)进行测量,分析不同人工浸没式植被的分布对弯道纵向流速分布、湍流动能(Turbulence Kinetic Energy,TKE),环流强度以及湍流谱分布等的影响。实验结果表明,在植被顶部出现流速的最大值。浸没式植被和弯道都会加剧水流紊动效应,湍流动能最大值出现在植被顶部稍往下区域,且进入弯道以后最大值的位置明显下移。不同的植被群分布使得湍流动能的分布情况不同,凸岸植被减小了无植被区(凹岸)的湍流动能,而凹岸植被增大了无植被区(凸岸)的湍流动能。浸没式植被的存在使得植被区和无植被区的弯道环流方向相反。此外,通过湍流谱分析,植被和弯道都会增强湍流强度,且小湍涡增多;植被与无植被的交界区(横向和垂向)都会增加水体之间的掺混,使得湍流在交界区域明显变强。     

雷诺数对近壁面圆柱绕流和壁湍流相互作用结构特性的影响

该文采用流动显示和PIV对近壁面放置圆柱的流场进行了精细测量,重点研究了不同雷诺数下近壁区圆柱绕流与壁湍流的相互作用规律、尺度演化规律及标度律特性。当雷诺数从10 600降至4 800时,波数能量级串标度行为呈现从-5/3至-1变化规律。而联合概率密度分析发现随雷诺数的下降,大尺度结构出现的概率降低,而雷诺数在5 600-8 200时出现了第二象限双峰现象,即尾迹的垂向尺度发生了变化。通过POD分析,圆柱绕流涡脱落受壁湍流的影响规律:高雷诺数时,上侧流向涡增强,近壁面条带结构含能量低,随雷诺数减小而逐步转化,特别是在8200时,脱落涡的二次涡能量传递明显,而雷诺数低于3 800以下时,则没有二次涡出现。     

考虑起动概率的岸坡均匀沙起动流速公式

基于泥沙颗粒相对暴露度及起动概率对泥沙起动的影响,引入附加质量力,采用滑动起动模型,从理论上直接推导出了适用于河流岸坡不同起动概率的散粒体泥沙统一起动流速公式,完善了现有公式较少考虑起动概率的不足。经弯道与顺直岸坡、正负坡及平坡等不同岸坡条件下实测资料验证,公式计算结果与实测数据符合较好。     

丁坝长度对弯道水力特性影响的数值模拟研究

于河道弯折处设置丁坝后,其水流特征显著改变,为探究该问题,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型及VOF模型对60°弯道内的单丁坝绕流进行了三维数值模拟,模拟中分别计算了设置3种丁坝的工况(模型单丁坝的长度分别为0. 15、0. 25、0. 35m)。基于数值计算的结果,重点对弯道流场结构、断面流速分布、湍流特征参数和液面特性等进行了分析探讨。研究表明:水流流经无丁坝的弯道,会对凹岸产生冲刷,凸岸造成淤积;丁坝的布设,加剧了凹、凸两岸的流速不均匀性,削弱了对凹岸的冲刷,调整了水面横比降;当丁坝长度增长,混流区的尺度变大,流体湍动能以及湍流黏度的强度和作用范围随之变大;在坝后流动分离区域,湍动能呈现最大值,在坝后旋涡中心区域,湍流黏度呈现最大值。     

任意坡面上均匀沙起动概率及起动流速的计算公式

基于概率统计理论,引入泥沙颗粒组成及相对暴露度产生的附加质量力,得到了任意坡面上泥沙起动概率的计算公式;并将其引入到泥沙起动研究中,从理论上推导出了任意坡面上近底作用流速及垂线平均流速公式;此外,公式还可以进一步简化为弯道岸坡、顺直岸坡、正负坡以及平坡条件下的泥沙起动流速公式。通过任意坡、弯道岸坡等条件下的实测资料验证,本文公式计算值与实测数据符合较好,可应用于任意条件下泥沙起动流速的计算。     

流凌条件下弯道水力特性数值模拟

采用VOF技术,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型,结合拉格朗日粒子模型,通过建立弯曲度不同的弯道,对流凌条件下弯道的水力特性进行了模拟研究。结果表明:流凌过弯后主要集中在凹岸,集聚明显;流凌的存在增大了凹岸表层水流的横向环流,在一定程度上影响凸岸底部大环流的发展;各弯道进口断面最大水面流速均大于出口;随弯曲度的增大,冰水流凹岸低流速区和高紊动能区呈扩大趋势,弯顶断面主流区逐渐向凸岸偏移。     

渗流作用下岸坡泥沙起动流速研究

渗流和冲刷作用是河流岸坡发生崩岸的重要因素。基于概率论与泥沙运动基本原理,引入起动概率及相对暴露度,采用滑动起动模型,推导了渗流作用下岸坡泥沙起动流速的统一公式,弥补了已有研究成果缺乏对泥沙起动概率和渗流力考虑的不足。在简化的起动边界条件下,所得公式可以简化为顺直岸坡、正负坡以及平坡等条件下的起动流速公式。经过有渗流力及无渗流力两种起动条件下的实测资料验证,表明所得公式计算结果与实测数据符合良好。相关结果有助于深入理解泥沙起动及河道岸坡崩岸机理。     

水库溢洪道大体积混凝土检测方法探析

某水库溢洪道由引水段、闸室段、陡槽段和消力池段组成,整体为钢筋混凝土结构。文章在分析结构混凝土强度检测法、钢筋锈蚀程度检测法、地质雷达勘探检测法等基础上,对溢洪道左侧岸墙、溢洪道右侧翼墙、溢洪道底板、闸门底板进行了检测。结果表明：溢洪道左侧岸墙不满足环境类别为二类的配筋混凝土最低强度等级为C25的要求;溢洪道右侧翼墙、溢洪道底板钢筋锈蚀性状不确定,溢洪道左侧岸墙、溢洪道底板钢筋不发生锈蚀的概率>90%。     

丁坝群对弯道水力特性影响的数值模拟研究

弯道螺旋流是弯道水流的特点之一,弯道环流会造成凸岸发生淤积,凹岸遭受冲刷,对护岸工程非常不利。在弯道中布设丁坝可有效减弱弯道螺旋流强度,改善水流流态,保护岸坡稳定。采用RNGk-ε湍流模型,应用VOF法捕捉自由水面,采用半隐式SIMPLE算法求解速度与压力耦合方程组,模拟在60°弯道内布设丁坝群后弯道水流特性。研究表明:数值模拟的水位、流速和试验数值据吻合良好。弯道内设置丁坝群后,可有效改善凹岸区域的冲刷及凸岸的淤积,主河槽的水深增加,水面横比降减小,说明丁坝群的布置在稳定弯道水流,防止岸坡冲於方面有较好的效果。     

底层泥沙交换和状态概率及推悬比研究

本文首先论述了床面层泥沙静止、推移(滚动与跳跃)和悬浮三种运动状态及它们转移的临界条件，四种基本转移概率和由它们构成的九种状态转移概率。接着利用数字计算结果，给出了四种基本转移概率，并分析了它们的特性。在这个基础上计算了泥沙在床面层处于静止(床沙)、推移(推移质)、悬浮(悬移质)的状态概率。最后作为状态概率的应用给出了推悬比的公式。     

Bidirectional connectivity via fish ladders in a large Neotropical river

The conservation of migratory fish species worldwide has been threatened by the loss of longitudinal connectivity caused by dams intercepting large rivers. One environmental management strategy for reestablishing connectivity is providing passage through fish ladders. However, ladders in Neotropical rivers have been described as ascending one‐way routes. We analysed the movements of Prochilodus lineatus through a fish ladder at a large dam—Porto Primavera—in the heavily impounded Upper Paraná River, Brazil, to determine whether the ladder connected habitats downstream and upstream of the dam, in both directions. A total of 1,419 specimens of P. lineatus were PIT‐tagged above and below the dam, and continuously monitored for 4 years. We documented bidirectional movements of P. lineatus through the fish ladder. Many individuals repeated these movements annually; one individual as many as six times. It was estimated that the cumulative probability that P. lineatus would return from downstream after descending through the ladder was 0.38, 0.50, and 0.56 in 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Correspondingly, return probabilities from upstream were 0.15, 0.22, and 0.26 in 1–3 years, respectively. Although return probabilities from upstream were roughly half, our results suggest the Porto Primavera fish ladder contributes to habitat connectivity, bidirectional passage, and preservation of P. lineatus. These results deviate from the perception that fishways are ineffective in Neotropical rivers. We suggest that fishways can restore the bidirectional connectivity denied to some Neotropical species, and until the services of dams are no longer needed, environmental management through fish ladders could continue to be considered as an integral part of broader conservation strategy designed to preserve native fauna.     

铁谢——神堤河段地层土体特性及滩岸稳定分析

在铁谢—神堤河段选择典型部位开展了土体物理力学特性试验,同时探讨了不同含水率状态下土体力学特性的变化规律,并对滩岸稳定性进行了初步分析。结论认为:①粉质黏土、粉质壤土、砂壤土、细砂、中砂、粗砂的摩擦角、干密度均呈依次增大的趋势,压缩系数、液限含水率、孔隙比、天然含水率均呈依次减小的趋势;②土体含水率发生变化时,土体的状态随之而变;③滩岸边界特性、土层结构、水流条件和河床冲淤演变特性等在滩岸崩塌过程中起到了重要的作用,而且这些影响因素在不同时期所发挥的作用也不同。     

Algal-Available Particulate Phosphorus in the Great Lakes Basin

For the purpose of comparing the relative availability of particulate phosphorus (P) from various sources to the Great Lakes, algal-available P was determined on suspended solids and bottom sediments from tributaries, wastewater suspended solids, lake bottom sediments, and eroding bluff solids from the region. Physicochemical and bioassay methods were used to estimate the rate and extent of available P release from particulates. Considering all types of particulates examined, ultimately available P ranged from nil to approximately 70 percent of total phosphorus (Total-P) content. During algal bioassays, changes in levels of base-extractable inorganic P (R-NaOH-P) in tributary suspended solids were nearly equivalent to the amounts of P used by algae during bioassays. For the tributary solids, ultimately available P averaged approximately 90 percent of R-NAOH-P. Consistent differences were found in amounts of available P among particles from different sources. Sources of particle-bound P ranked in order of decreasing availability were: wastewater solids, lake bottom sediments, tributary solids, and eroding bluff solids. Differences in available P release rates also existed among the different types of particles. Wastewater solids displayed the largest first-order release rates, eroding bluff samples and tributary-suspended solid samples that were high in apatite showed essentially no available P release, while other tributary suspended solids displayed intermediate release rates.     

P-Ⅲ型分布参数的线性矩估计法及期望概率研究

在总体为P-Ⅲ型分布的假定下,利用矩法、概率权重矩法、绝对值准则适线法及线性矩法4种方法估计未知参数,计算对比了P-Ⅲ型分布的期望概率。统计试验结果表明:适线法与线性矩法计算得出的期望概率结果较为接近,总体上都略优于概率权重矩法,而由矩法得到的期望概率远远高于设计频率,因而从期望概率这一角度论证线性矩法相对来说是合理有效的。     

常规工艺再生水效果及其回用健康风险评价

对常规处理工艺再生城市污水的效果进行了试验研究,初步讨论评价了再生水中化学污染物对人体的健康风险。研究结果表明,常规处理工艺对城市污水再生效果较好,可以有效去除有机物和浊度物质,对大肠菌群去除率集中在99.9％～99.99％之间,混凝沉淀去除Cu,Fe,Mn,Pb效果较好,对Ni,As,Cd的去除效果较差。对再生水风险评价结果显示,常规处理再生水的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,终生致癌风险在10~(-5)数量级,而非致癌物健康危害风险在10~(-9)数量级。     

超声波-好氧生物接触法处理制药废水

试验研究超声波-好氧生物接触法处理制药废水CODCr去除效果.结果表明在超声波处理时间60 s,功率200W时,制药废水单独经超声波处理,CODCr去除率仅为13%～16%;对好氧生物接触反应器中零时刻的混合液澄清水,直接进行好氧生物接触处理,CODCr去除率仅30%左右;而经超声波预处理后再好氧生物接触处理CODCr总去除率达到96%以上.经超声波预处理后,好氧生物接触最佳反应时间为12 h.     

Reservoir operation policies for optimizing energy generation at the Shiroro Dam

Reservoir water release policies are computed for the Shiroro Dam hydroelectric power scheme in Northern Nigeria, using a probabilistic dynamic programming model. The state variable is the reservoir storage volume, while the uncertain nature of the inflow process is accounted for in the model by considering different possible inflow volumes and their inflow probabilities. Simulation of the reservoir operations with the derived policies show that on the average the hydrosystem has acceptable reliability when two units are in use, at 45% design power plant factor. At 70% power plant factor, which is the desired optimum for the power system in Nigeria, system failures are frequent and, in most cases, severe. For normal operation of the Shiroro Dam hydroelectric power system, two or three generating units, running at 40–50% power plant factor is recommended.     

Performance analysis of anoxic selector in upgrading activated sludge process in tropical climate.

The paper describes and analyses the performance of anoxic selectors in upgrading activated sludge process in a municipal wastewater treatment plant under tropical climate, where poor sludge settleability is a problem due to elevated temperature. Site monitoring and laboratory experiment were conducted to study the denitrification, sludge settleability, kinetics, mass balance, pH and alkalinity variation in the system. The sludge settleability measured in Sludge Volume Index (SVI) was observed to improve with the increasing degree of denitrification in the anoxic selector. Under well-developed stable state, an average SVI value of 136 ml/g was achieved, which was significantly lower than the value of 250 ml/g before the application of anoxic selector. The specific reaction rates for denitrification and nitrification at 30 degrees C were 0.06 mg NO3-N/mg MLSS day and 0.08 mg NH4-N/mg MLSS day, respectively. The overall efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification were 86 percent and 55.4 percent, respectively, with an alkalinity recovery ratio of 15.4 percent. 32 percent of total COD removed was used up as electron donor in the denitrification process. However, due to absence of the internal Mixed Liquor Recirculation (MLR), a higher degree of denitrification occurred in the secondary sedimentation tank than in the anoxic zone. Issues for further studies are also discussed.     

Considering precipitation forecasts for real-time decision-making in hydropower operations

This paper presents a new decision-making strategy for hydropower operations to handle uncertainty of forecasting precipitation. This strategy takes into account three basic components: uncertainty of precipitation, operation policies and a risk-evaluation model. In real-time operation, precipitations with different probabilities at different forecasting levels are obtained, and these precipitations are applied to forecast inflows using a hydrological forecasting model. Based on the forecasting inflows, the operation policies and risks with different probabilities are obtained. This study implements China’s Huanren reservoir and medium-term precipitation forecasts from the Global Forecast System to study the efficiency and stability of this strategy.