泄洪洞反弧末端掺气减蚀研究

对高水头、大单宽流量、低佛氏数、小底坡长明流泄洪洞，在反弧段末端采用常规的掺气坎往往难以取得理想的掺气效果，同时，反弧段下游边墙易出现空蚀破坏。本文在大比尺模型试验的基础上，提出了竖向、纵向及横向三维均连续变化的新型掺气坎，并对比分析了掺气坎三维体型的变化对掺气特性的影响。试验表明，空间三维连续变动的V型坎能使挑射水流形成连续变化的空腔长度，较二维掺气坎在上述特点的泄洪洞中能形成稳定的空腔形态、减小空腔回水并提高挟气量。试验同时表明，泄洪洞反弧末端掺气坎后空腔段水流动水压强小、水流空化数低，容易出现空化；同时，反弧段下游水流表面自掺气尚不够充分，底部强迫掺气尚未充分扩散，致使反弧段下游附近边墙存在较大范围的掺气盲区，从而容易导致反弧段下游边墙的空蚀破坏。     

新疆某工程表孔溢洪洞水工模型试验研究

通过建立表孔溢洪洞减压模型试验,在不同水位泄流条件下,对泄洪洞的进口段、竖井段的水流流态、动水压力、水流空化数进行观测分析,试验结果显示:进口为稳定的溢流堰自由泄流,进口及竖井水流流态较好,溢流堰跌坎及竖井环形掺气坎后均能形成稳定的掺气空腔;溢流堰面、竖井内的压力分布合理;水流空化数均满足规范要求,不会发生空化水流。     

挑流反弧段水流掺气浓度的试验研究

通过泄槽水力学模型试验,研究了溢洪道、泄洪洞等泄水建筑物挑流反弧段掺气浓度的沿程变化规律;分析反弧段掺气浓度分布与挑坎高度、挑流段反弧半径以及来流流量之间的关系,以期为优化掺气坎体型及掺气坎下游设施提供依据。试验结果表明,挑流反弧段水流表、中、底不同部位掺气浓度的沿程衰减率是不相同的;在试验范围内,挑流反弧段水流掺气浓度随掺气坎高和反弧半径的增大而增大,随流量的增加而减小。     

龙抬头式泄洪洞反弧末端边墙掺气减蚀设施的研究

高水头龙抬头式明流泄洪洞发生空蚀的部位一般位于反弧末端下游边墙及底板上，因此研究该部位的掺气减蚀设施具有十分重要的应用价值。结合二滩水电站1号泄洪洞，研究了反弧段边墙掺气问题，基于掺气挑坎设计中应遵循的基本原则，提出了一种新型的斜侧收缩式掺气挑坎体形，并分析了影响侧收缩掺气挑坎挟气量及挑坎下游水流流态的因素。     

低数、小底坡泄洪洞掺气设施研究

泄洪洞具有高流速、低Fr数和小底坡的特点,掺气空腔容易产生回水,布置掺气设施的难度较大。采用模型试验和理论分析相结合的方法对泄洪洞掺气设施进行研究。通过比较掺气挑坎高度、坡度、坎后底坡及衔接形式,分析这些特征参数对空腔回水、通气量及流态的影响,拟合了空腔无回水的临界Fr数与挑坎高度的关系式,总结了掺气设施体形优化方法,研究成果已被实际工程所采用。     

龙抬头明流泄洪洞反弧段下游边墙防蚀探讨

大比尺的模型试验表明：龙抬头明流泄洪洞反孤末端掺气坎后空腔段水流动水压强小、水流空化数低，容易出现空化；同时，反孤段下游水流表面自掺气尚不够充分，底部强迫掺气尚未充分扩散，致使反孤段下游附近边墙存在较大范围的掺气盲区，从而容易导致反孤段下游边墙的空蚀破坏．最后对如何减小或消除该掺气盲区，提出了工程处理措施，可供设计参考．     

泄洪洞反弧段末端水力特性指标分布规律

龙抬头式泄洪洞在水利水电工程中应用十分普遍,但是由于反弧段流态复杂,其产生空蚀破坏的原因尚不明晰。对不同泄洪洞体型掺气前后的工况进行三维数值计算,对其水力特性指标的分布规律进行研究。结果表明:随着落差Δz增大,反弧段流速逐步增大,水流空化数逐步减小;反弧半径R的改变对反弧段水力参数的影响有限。掺气水流的反弧段水力学指标主要取决于Δz,而受反弧半径R的影响相对较小。当Δz减小时,反弧段末端的水力参数在掺气前后变化不大,反弧段末端下游30m(等于15倍的挑坎高度)处的掺气水流的流速明显降低,空化数明显增高,掺气水流的保护作用对空腔下游部分的水力参数影响更加明显。在反弧末端有二次流出现,两侧边墙附近存在对称涡,不仅对边墙附近的流速压力分布产生一定影响,也加剧了反弧段内的水力特性的复杂程度。     

侧墙掺气坎水力特性的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了侧墙掺气坎的水力特性。与试验结果对比分析表明,用紊流数学模型来模拟泄水道反弧末端侧墙掺气坎的水力特性是可行的。数值模拟表明,不论是跌坎上游侧墙贴角,还是跌坎下游侧墙突扩,当侧墙掺气坎尺寸较大时,均会出现反弧末端过坎射流落水点下游两侧水翅串顶的不利流态。其控制条件为底空腔和侧空腔的相对长度,当侧空腔长度大于底空腔长度时,较长的侧空腔就为跌落至底板的紊动水流提供了流动通道,会出现不利流态,反之,当侧空腔长度较小时,能形成较好的流态。过坎水流落水点下游的流态对跌坎上游侧墙贴角尺寸较为敏感,相对而言,对跌坎下游侧墙突扩尺寸就不那么敏感。数值模拟也证实,采用尺寸较小的侧墙掺气坎,形成较小的侧空腔,能满足进行侧掺气的同时具有较好的流场水力特性。     

二滩水电站泄洪洞侧墙掺气减蚀研究与实践

二滩水电站是中国在二十世纪建成的最大水电站,电站设有2条龙抬头式泄洪洞,单洞最大泄洪流量为3 800 m3/S,设计最大流速为45 m/s.1#泄洪洞在采用常规的掺气设施后,虽然有效地减免了反弧段本身及反弧段下游底板的空蚀破坏,但反弧段下游侧墙仍出现了空蚀破坏.通过大比尺的模型试验,研究了多种掺气减蚀方法,提出了解决高流速、大流量泄洪洞侧墙掺气减蚀方案.2005年,利用研究成果,采用反弧末端上游侧墙突缩(侧墙贴角)加凸型跌坎的三维掺气坎方案,对二滩1#泄洪洞2#掺气坎体型进行了改造.随后的水力学原型观测表明,2#掺气坎区域水流掺气浓度增加,底板和侧墙脉动压力和空化噪声测值平稳,且在合理范围之内.通过连续2个汛期的运行试验和现场检查,改造后的2#掺气坎体型结构完好,下游未发现明显的空化气蚀现象,成功地解决了侧墙空蚀问题.     

低佛劳德数掺气坎空腔回水问题研究

为解决低佛劳德数缓坡泄洪洞掺气坎空腔易发生水流回溯，影响进气的问题，结合大渡河大岗山水电站泄洪洞，采用k-ε紊流模型对连续式掺气坎、连续式掺气坎加局部陡坡以及U型掺气坎加局部陡坡三种体型的掺气坎进行了数值模拟和物理模型试验，结果表明设置U型掺气坎可以有效地抑制水流回溯，稳定掺气空腔，消除空腔内积水，增大气水交界面积，提高掺气效率，而且具有体型简单等优点。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.