试论岩石力学与土力学统一共核理论模型

从几个方面讨论岩石力学与土力学统一共核的理论模型.弹塑性分析所采用的Mohr-Coulomb准则和Drucker-Prager准则以及考虑所有应力分量的统一强度理论虽然各有缺点,但都能较好的表征岩土介质的某些特性;粘弹性模型中的广义Kelvin模型和粘弹塑性模型中的西原模型较全面地反映出工程中的岩土特性;连续介质力学模型已成功地描述了土体和某些岩体的力学属性.通过对本构模型和强度理论、流变模型、连续介质和不连续介质力学模型的讨论,阐述了岩石力学与土力学是一个统一的理论体系的观点.     

Hoek-Brown强度准则在隧道岩体稳定分析中的应用研究

Hoek-Brown强度准则适宜于描述完整岩石或节理岩体的破坏特征,并在岩体工程中得到了广泛应用。基于Hoek-Brown强度准则对某隧道工程岩体稳定进行分析,并与Mohr-Coulomb强度准则计算进行比较。结果表明:Hoek-Brown强度准则计算得到的关键点位移、塑性半径及塑性区范围均稍大于Mohr-Coulomb强度准则的结果;Hoek-Brown强度准则能够反映施工开挖扰动对岩体力学参数的影响。同时,假设施工扰动系数从隧道内向外逐渐减小,应用Hoek-Brown强度准则研究了开挖扰动程度对隧道塑性半径的影响规律。研究表明:随着扰动的增大,塑性半径非线性增大。     

强度折减法在节理岩质边坡稳定分析中的精度研究

采用有限元强度折减法分析节理岩质边坡的稳定性时,计算精度会受到许多因素(如屈服准则、岩体力学参数、计算网格等)的影响。本文结合算例分析这些因素对强度折减法计算精度的影响。分析结果表明:采用强度折减法分析贯通节理岩质边坡的稳定性时,在关联流动法则下,宜选用Mohr-Coulomb内切圆准则;在非关联流动法则下,宜选用Mohr-Coulomb匹配DP圆准则。此外,当采用Mohr-Coulomb内切圆准则时,可不考虑弹性模量和泊松比对计算结果的影响,并且在单元较少时,就可以得到较为理想的结果。     

石人水库边坡开挖卸荷有限元模拟分析

水利水电工程建设是我国新能源战略的重要组成,在水利工程建设中经常会遇到岩体开挖后边坡失稳现象。岩体开挖是一种物理卸荷作用,研究卸荷理论和其数值计算方法对水利工程设计意义重大。基于国内外研究进展,首先利用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则对岩体卸荷强度参数进行分析。随后利用ANSYS软件建立了边坡开挖有限元模型,并计算了边坡开挖卸荷过程中的应力分布和塑性区分布。最后对边坡位移和描杆轴力进行分析,对比了考虑卸荷效应和未考虑卸荷效应的区别。     

基于ANSYS的水库边坡卸荷有限元数值研究

水利水电工程建设是我国新能源战略的重要组成,在水利工程建设中经常会遇到岩体开挖后边坡失稳现象。岩体开挖是一种物理卸荷作用,研究卸荷理论及其数值计算方法对水利工程设计意义重大。基于国内外研究进展,首先利用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则对岩体卸荷强度参数进行分析。随后利用ANSYS软件建立了边坡开挖有限元模型,并计算了边坡开挖卸荷过程中的应力分布和塑性区分布。最后对边坡位移和锚杆轴力进行分析,对比了考虑卸荷效应和未考虑卸荷效应的区别。     

平面应变条件下的M-C准则的等效广义 Mises变换公式及其应用

基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的等效广义Mises变换理论，推导了平面应变条件下的MohrCoulomb准则的等效广义Mises变换公式，该公式能够充分考虑膨胀角的影响，并与Mohr-Coulomb准则精确匹配，能很好的表述岩土体强度特性，可应用于工程实际中。文中对Prandtl经典算例用本文提出的方法进行了有限元分析，结果验证了文中公式的正确性并得出一些有益的结论。     

Hoek—Brown准则在黑泉水库边坡稳定中的应用

详细介绍了最新的Hoek-Brown屈服准则,并结合黑泉水库边坡工程,基于强度折减法计箅边坡安全系数,与等效Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则数值模拟对比,得出基于Hoek-Brown屈服准则的模拟计算结果与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的一致并且正确的结论.与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则相比,Hoek-Brown屈服准则采用基于应力水平的塑件流动法则,更好地体现了节理岩体的变形和破坏机理,可有效反映岩体的非线性破坏特征,更加接近工程实际,适于节理岩体的强度计算及稳定性分析.     

考虑层状岩体各向异性强度的地下厂房稳定分析

针对层状岩体的各向异性强度特征,基于带拉伸截止限的摩尔库伦准则,建立了综合考虑岩体和层面强度的各向异性强度准则,并且还考虑了岩体损伤对其强度的影响,给出了该强度模型的有限元实现方法,并据此专门编写了相应的Fortran有限元程序。将该模型应用于某水电站地下厂房三维有限元开挖计算中,研究了层状岩体各向异性强度对地下厂房围岩稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:与各向同性强度准则相比,考虑层状岩体各向异性强度后洞室围岩的应力和变形分别增加了1.4 MPa和20 mm左右,总的破坏量增加了8.7%。与现场监测数据的对比表明,考虑层状岩体各向异性强度进行地下洞室围岩稳定性分析更加合理。     

两组正交节理岩体的Cosserat等效模型研究

基于一般Cosserat介质理论,针对具有两组正交节理的岩体,对其单元体进行了分析,导出了描述节理岩体力学行为的等效模型,并给出了平面问题的有限元模型.该模型可以考虑岩体特征尺度的影响.自编相应程序,采用等效模型进行了沉降有限元分析,结果表明,该模型可以模拟具有两组正交节理岩体的力学行为.     

基于Sheorey岩体强度准则对等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数的推导

引入基于RMR岩体分级指标的Sheorey岩体强度准则,根据σ1-σ3平面上用线性Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)强度准则对非线性准则进行拟合的原则,利用最小二乘法推导出相应的等效M-C强度参数,并给出等效强度参数的通用表达式,方便利用Sheorey准则评价岩体的强度及稳定性。之后,通过一个算例比较了Sheorey准则与HoekBrown准则的M-C等效强度参数。分析结果表明,两准则的等效强度参数具有良好的吻合度。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。