溢洪道闸堰结合的布置与洪水调节方法

溢洪道工程是土石坝水库枢纽的重要组成部分，而在溢洪道工程中控制段是设计的重点。在溢洪道控制段采用闸门控制的基础上，提出了控制段采用闸堰结合的形式，介绍了闸堰结合的布置形式及布置原则；分析了闸堰结合溢洪道泄流的特点；提出了闸堰结合的洪水调节计算方法，包括调洪原则和具体的洪水调节计算过程。并以杨庄水库为例，对溢洪道闸堰结合方案进行了洪水调节计算。     

平原区河道堰闸出流特征浅析

本文通过对平原河流上不同堰闸类型特性的分析,介绍了判断不同堰闸出流流态的方法,论述了河道堰闸上、下游观测水尺断面最佳设置位置,为堰闸水文站进行汛期洪水预报、水文资料整编等正确计算堰闸过水流量提供依据。     

水库溢洪道堰闸结合调洪计算及应用

以安丘尚庄水库为例,采用堰闸结合洪水调节计算方法,对溢洪道堰闸结合方案进行了洪水调节计算和经济分析,该方案兼顾溢洪道中小洪水时泄量可控制和工程投资运行费用低的优点,具有一定的推广价值。     

土石围堰溃决对下游水库的影响研究

溃口流量模拟和溃堰洪水演进分析是研究土石围堰溃堰对下游水库影响的基础.土石围堰溃堰是逐渐发展的,不可能在瞬间溃决,当溃口大小已知时,可按局部溃堰公式计算渍口流量,结合入库洪水过程计算溃口处的流量过程线,据此构建了围堰水库水量平衡-溃口流量模拟模型,根据有限元基本原理构建了一维渍堰洪水演进模型.分析土石固堰渍堰对下游水库的影响时,可将演算至下游水库的溃堰洪水与下游水库设计入库洪水峰对峰线性叠加.     

马斯京干法在韩庄运河洪水演算中的应用

韩庄运河是南四湖韩庄闸以下的泄洪通道,本次采用马斯京根法对韩庄运河河段进行河道洪水演算,将其洪水演算方案运用到实际工作中以提高预报时效和精度要求。     

官渡挡潮闸设计洪水计算

为完成湛江市官渡镇挡潮闸重建工作,需进行调洪演算,推求设计洪水,验证闸门设计的合理性。该文建立时段初末水位、库容、泄流量相关关系,利用图解法逐时段推算时段末库容及出闸流量,从而得到闸内水位过程。通过不同设计洪水过程与外海5年一遇设计潮位组合情况下闸内调洪过程演算,得到不同设计洪水下的设计水位。     

利用FORTRAN编程进行水闸泄流计算应用

某一等枢纽工程设计洪水、校核洪水洪峰流量分别为59700m3/s、67100m3/s,峰高量大。为满足工程运行要求,泄水建筑物共设置了15孔泄洪闸、5孔冲砂闸和1孔围堰改闸。水闸堰型均采用宽顶堰,孔宽不同,堰顶高程各异。现有泄流计算程序多针对单一堰顶高程设计,本工程并不适用。多闸孔、多堰高组合水闸泄流计算是一件繁琐的工作,利用Fortran编写的小程序计算给实际应用带来了极大便利。本文介绍了程序编写的具体过程,并结合具体工程应用实例对程序进行了验证。     

利用FORTRAN编程进行水闸泄流计算应用

某一等枢纽工程设计洪水、校核洪水洪峰流量分别为59700m3/s、67100m3/s,峰高量大。为满足工程运行要求,泄水建筑物共设置了15孔泄洪闸、5孔冲砂闸和1孔围堰改闸。水闸堰型均采用宽顶堰,孔宽不同,堰顶高程各异。现有泄流计算程序多针对单一堰顶高程设计,本工程并不适用。多闸孔、多堰高组合水闸泄流计算是一件繁琐的工作,利用Fortran编写的小程序计算给实际应用带来了极大便利。本文介绍了程序编写的具体过程,并结合具体工程应用实例对程序进行了验证。     

人民胜利堰节制闸金属结构设计简介

人民胜利堰节制闸金属结构设计简介任淑娟，贾永明（山东省水利勘测设计院）１前言大官庄枢纽工程是我国治理淮河，沂怵洲河洪水东调南下的关键工程。此工程除保证了沂沭泗河和南四湖防洪安全外，还能为鲁南和苏北３０００万亩农田扩大排涝能力。人民胜利堰节制闸属大官庄...     

挡潮闸排涝（调洪）演算

1前言滨海平原地区由于拒成蓄淡、防洪排涝及防暴潮的需要，常在泡口干流及支流上修建挡潮闸，特别是海涂围垦工程。排涝（调洪）演算是挡潮闸设计中的重要组成部分，其目的在于分析按设计频率洪水经水闸调洪后的内围最高水位、内围洪水淹没时间和闸的最大下泄流量。通过调洪演算来确定闸底高程和水闸净宽的最优组合，为水闸设计提供依据，此外，内围最高水位与围内开发、防洪设计关系密切，亦是水闸结构计算水位组合中的重要数据之一，并且水闸的下游消能防冲设计也依赖于调洪演算的结果。一般而言，降雨时，他表径流或小河河水均汇入水闸…     

A Modified Muskingum Flow Routing Model for Flood Wave Propagation during River Ice Thawing-Breakup Period

During the period of river ice thawing and breakup process (termed as “ice cover thawing-breakup”), vast amount of water stored in ice-covered river reach will be released comparing to that under open flow condition. The flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period will be different from that under open flow condition, since water stored in and channel from ice thawing-breakup process and flow routing process are very complicated. If the flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period can be predicted, it will very important for flood protection in the downstream river reach. In present study, water released from ice cover thawing process is considered as the lateral inflow to the channel flow during propagation process of flood wave from upstream to downstream. A model for the flood routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period has been developed based on the Muskingum hydrologic method. Using the modified Muskingum model, the routed outflow hydrograph has been determined along the Baotou Reach of the Yellow River during river ice thawing-breakup period. Results showed that the simulated hydrographs using developed model agree well with those of field measurements.

     

耦合渗漏项的季节性河道洪水演进模型研究

针对北方干旱或半干旱区季节性河道渗漏现象严重问题,为提高流域洪水演进模拟精度,在传统水动力学洪水演进模型基础上耦合河道渗漏项,构建季节性河流洪水演进数学模型。采用霍顿入渗模型描述季节性河道渗漏过程,解决河道渗漏量计算及与基于圣维南方程组洪水演进模型耦合问题;并利用Preissmann四点偏心隐格式与追赶法对模型离散和计算,开发FORTRAN计算程序;最后以大沽河流域实测资料进行验证。结果表明,沙湾庄和南村断面水位与流量过程的模拟值与实测值吻合且变化趋势一致,洪水峰面到达断面模拟时间和实际时间基本一致,研究区各河段来水量、渗漏量的实测值与模拟值相对误差范围分别为-1.66%~0.36%、-3.09%~3.72%,所建模型可满足在现状条件下进行洪水模拟预报的需要。     

Real-time flood forecasting of Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas

A combination of the rainfall-runoff module of the Xin’anjiang model, the Muskingum routing method, the water stage simulating hydrologic method, the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method, and the real-time error correction method is applied to the real-time flood forecasting and regulation of the Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas. The Xin’anjiang model is used to forecast the flood discharge hydrograph of the upstream and tributary. The flood routing of the main channel and flood diversion areas is based on the Muskingum method. The water stage of the downstream boundary condition is calculated with the water stage simulating hydrologic method and the water stages of each cross section are calculated from downstream to upstream with the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method. The input flood discharge hydrograph from the main channel to the flood diversion area is estimated with the fixed split ratio of the main channel discharge. The flood flow inside the flood retarding area is calculated as a reservoir with the water balance method. The faded-memory forgetting factor least square of error series is used as the real-time error correction method for forecasting discharge and water stage. As an example, the combined models were applied to flood forecasting and regulation of the upper reaches of the Huai River above Lutaizi during the 2007 flood season. The forecast achieves a high accuracy and the results show that the combined models provide a scientific way of flood forecasting and regulation for a complex watershed with flood diversion and retarding areas.     

复式河道一维洪水演进数值模拟

针对复式河道的特点,建立复式河道一维非恒定流数学模型,采用四点线性隐格式离散圣维南方程组,在动量方程中通过对主槽宽度进行修正,很好地解决了漫滩瞬间流量波动问题。通过2006年汛期调水调沙期间的实测资料对黄河下游白鹤—孙口河段洪水演进过程进行验证,结果表明,计算的洪峰变化过程比较符合实测情况,洪水传播时间的计算值与实测值基本吻合。     

黄河下游高含沙洪水演进及河床冲淤过程的数值模拟

高含沙洪水通过黄河下游河道时往往发生严重淤积,因此,数值模拟研究高含沙洪水的演进过程,对理论研究及实际工程需求均具有重要意义.以往的泥沙数学模型通常不考虑高含沙量对水流控制方程的影响.而这将会影响高含沙洪水演进过程的模拟.本文建立了黄河下游高含沙洪水演进过程的一维非恒定非均匀沙数学模型,该模型不仅在水流控制方程组中采用浑水的连续方程与动量方程,而且通过引入滩槽划分及"二级悬河"处理等技术考虑黄河下游复杂地形下的水沙演进.以1977年的典型高含沙洪水过程为例,分析高含沙量对洪水演进的影响,并率定出模型中的恢复饱和系数、不饱和系数等关键参数.将率定后的模型参数应用于1992年下游实测洪水的模拟,验证模型的适用性.计算结果表明:考虑高含沙的影响后,洪峰流量、水量、传播时间的模拟误差减小,说明在数值模拟高含沙洪水的演进中有必要采用浑水控制方程.     

无高精度地形资料地区溃坝洪水演进模拟研究 ——以金沙江叶巴滩-巴塘段为例

为准确高效计算缺乏高精度地形资料地区河道中洪水演进过程,在空间分辨率为30 m的ASTER GDEM V2地形数据基础上采用不同方法对金沙江叶巴滩-巴塘区间河道地形进行重建,采用基于显卡加速的地表水及其伴随输移过程模型模拟了2018年"11·03"堰塞坝险情洪水过程,并与实测洪水过程进行对比验证。结果表明:①不同空间插值方法对河道地形特性的插值表达精度相差较大,样条函数法和根据河流走势的趋势平滑法生成的河道地形能较好表达河道地貌形态;②不同断面间距下趋势平滑法河道地形洪水演进模拟精度随断面间距增大而增加,仅使用入流口和出流口断面高程模拟效果在不同断面间距中最好;③使用趋势平滑法生成河道地形时,洪水模拟精度随河道下挖深度的增加呈增加趋势,下挖深度为50 m时NSE达到0.937,R~2达到0.976。研究分析了河道地形重建方法、插值断面间距及下挖深度对洪水演进模拟精度的影响,可为洪水应急抢险快速预测提供数据处理方法。     

基于马斯京根法的嫩江江桥-大赉段洪水演算

针对嫩江江桥-大赉河段洪水演进不平衡问题,首先分析了1998年前后江桥和大赉两个水文站的径流变化规律;然后引入河道洪水演进损失系数,建立了基于分段马斯京根方法的江桥-大赉河段的洪水演算模型;最后利用1998年后洪水资料,采用粒子群优化算法率定了河道洪水演进参数和洪水演进损失系数,并分析了参数和损失系数的合理性。结果表明,由于受1998年大洪水的冲刷以及河道两岸冲毁的影响,嫩江江桥-大赉段河道洪水传播速度加快,同时在演进过程中洪水向河道外满溢,导致上下游水量不平衡。     

天然河道长河段一维非恒定流数模研究

 本文建立了一套适用于天然河道长河段、长时段洪水过程复演或预报的一维非恒定流数学模型。将此模型应用于长江上游朱沱至三斗坪河段“８１．７”洪水过程复演计算，计算与实测水位、流量和槽蓄过程均吻合得较为满意。计算结果合理，该模型可望广泛地应用于水利工程实际。     

Application of Muskingum routing method with variable parameters in ungauged basin

This paper describes a flood routing method applied in an ungauged basin, utilizing the Muskingum model with variable parameters of wave travel time K and weight coefficient of discharge x based on the physical characteristics of the river reach and flood, including the reach slope, length, width, and flood discharge. Three formulas for estimating parameters of wide rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections are proposed. The influence of the flood on channel flow routing parameters is taken into account. The HEC-HMS hydrological model and the geospatial hydrologic analysis module HEC-GeoHMS were used to extract channel or watershed characteristics and to divide sub-basins. In addition, the initial and constant-rate method, user synthetic unit hydrograph method, and exponential recession method were used to estimate runoff volumes, the direct runoff hydrograph, and the baseflow hydrograph, respectively. The Muskingum model with variable parameters was then applied in the Louzigou Basin in Henan Province of China,and of the results, the percentages of flood events with a relative error of peak discharge less than 20% and runoff volume less than 10% are both 100%. They also show that the percentages of flood events with coefficients of determination greater than 0.8 are 83.33%, 91.67%, and 87.5%,respectively, for rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections in 24 flood events. Therefore,this method is applicable to ungauged basins.     

金沙江白格堰塞湖溃决洪水预报误差与改进

金沙江"11·3"白格堰塞体溃决造成下游河道数百千米内的超常规洪水过程,对其进行准确模拟是洪水预报和制定应对措施的基础。采用MIKE11和笔者开发的一维溃坝洪水模型(DBFM)对坝下洪水演进进行了对比模拟,两个模型均为求解圣维南方程组,其中MIKE11采用Abbott六点隐式差分方法,DBFM模型采用基于有限体积的HLL+MUSCL界面插值方法显式求解。结果表明:与实测数据相比,两个模型模拟结果在洪水传播时间和洪峰衰减上表现出显著差异。随后分析了河道基流、动量方程惯性、河道糙率、河道地形等因素对洪水模拟误差的影响,论证了采用滚动预报方法来提高洪水预报精度的可行性。最后对山区河流堰塞湖溃决洪水模拟的难点和要求提出了展望。