表面张力对单空泡运动特性的影响

本文利用高速摄影技术,在摄像及电子计算机的辅助下,研究了在５种不同的表面张力（液体－空气）液体中由电火花放电所造成的空泡膨胀及收缩运动过程,记录、分析、计算了空泡的半径Ｒ．泡壁速度Ｒ及加速度Ｒ随时间的变化．结果表明：表面张力加速了空泡的收缩过程,对其膨胀过程则起了延缓作用,通过实验给出了空泡膨胀时间与收缩时间的比值．一般说来,在空泡溃灭以前,表面张力愈小的液体中,空泡泡壁的速度最大值愈大、泡壁的加速度通常具有３个极值,其最大值可达１０４ｍ／ｓ２量级,这可能是空泡在收缩过程中泡壁失稳及溃灭时产生强大的溃灭冲击压强的重要原因之一．     

含沙浓度对表面张力不同液体中单空泡膨胀及收缩过程的影响

用高速摄影技术，在表面张力不同的四种液体中，对电火花放电造成的单空泡膨胀及收缩过程观测表明，含沙浓度对空泡的膨胀及收缩过程的影响类似于液体粘滞性对空泡的膨胀及收缩过程的影响. 文中分析了表面张力的影响程度。     

液体粘性对空泡压缩及膨胀的影响

液体的粘性对于空泡的溃灭时间、溃灭速度、冲击压强以及空蚀过程均有明显的影影响.主要表现在液体粘性对空泡的压缩及膨胀速度和加速度的影响. 本文利用高速摄影技术,在不同粘性液体中对电火花放电所造成的空泡膨胀及压缩过程进行摄影记录,然后画出空泡直径随时间的变化规律,分析计算液体粘性对空泡压缩及膨胀速度和加速度的影响,得出了一些定性方面的成果.     

液流中边壁附近的空泡溃灭研究

本文利用高速摄影方法观测了液流中的空泡溃灭过程,分析了空泡在流动系统中溃灭时的泡壁稳定性,和由于空泡射流挟带其表面分裂出的微小泡冲击边壁,从而使微小泡在高压强作用下溃灭,造成壁面破坏的可能性。本文还研究了液体粘性变化和液体挟带颗粒对空泡微射流速度及溃灭历时的影响     

平口管口处气泡行为特征数值模拟

为研究平口管口处单个气泡行为特征,采用流体体积模型(Volume of Fluid, VOF)方法,数值模拟研究气泡的膨胀脱离过程,对比分析了浸没方式、管径、气体速度、液体密度和表面张力对气泡膨胀脱离时间和脱离直径的影响规律。研究结果表明:在3种不同管口浸没方式下,气泡膨胀脱离时间均随管口气体速度增大而降低,但降低速率逐渐减小;在底部和顶部浸没方式下,气泡膨胀脱离时间和脱离直径随表面张力增大而增加,随液体密度增大而降低;对于侧面浸没方式,气泡膨胀脱离时间和脱离直径随表面张力增大整体呈上升趋势,而受液体密度影响不大。气泡膨胀脱离时间与气泡脱离直径呈正相关。所建立的数学模型能够真实地模拟气泡形成及运动特征,从而提供一个有效的研究方法。     

表面张力对铝材料空蚀的影响

在磁致伸缩仪上，研究了５种不同表面张力系数的液体中铝试件的空蚀过程。结果发现在试验范围内，虽然液体的表面张力系数有所不同，但铝试件的空蚀过程仍包括４个阶段；得出前人文献中均未得到过的、铝试件的失质率及总失质量与液体表面张力系数呈线性增长的试验结果。并用空泡生命周期随液体表面张力系数增长呈线性减小的试验研究结果对上述现象从理论上加以说明。     

基于伪势模型的表面张力对空化泡溃灭的影响

采用可调节表面张力的大密度比、大黏滞系数比格子玻尔兹曼伪势空化模型模拟了近壁区空化泡溃灭过程,并进一步分析了表面张力和初始空化泡内外压差对空化泡溃灭过程中流场分布的影响,探究了表面张力变化对空化泡溃灭时产生的微射流和溃灭压力演化的影响。结果表明:在近壁区空化泡溃灭过程中,随着表面张力减小,加剧了气液交界面的变形,导致微射流更为集中。同时空化泡在溃灭过程中蓄积的表面能减小,在溃灭时刻迅速释放后,减弱了空化泡溃灭强度,空化泡溃灭最大微射流流速和最大压力均随着表面张力的减小而减小,导致空化泡溃灭时间缩短,增加了壁面引起的Bjerknes力,加剧空化泡朝向壁面溃灭的趋势。     

空泡群溃灭时作用于固壁上的压强

采用文献[3]中提出的方法,计算绕流场中空泡群溃灭时诱生的辐射压强,用它作为驱动压强对弱可压液体中固体边界附近的空泡非球对称溃灭过程及其作用于固壁的压强进行了分析。计算结果表明,近壁空泡溃灭时,因吸收其它空泡溃灭释放的能量,故增大自身空泡的溃灭压强。     

空泡在固壁附近溃灭的数值模拟

实验表明，静止流场中的近壁空泡在泡内外压差的驱动下将发生变形收缩，直至完全溃灭消失。在这一过程中，伴随着空泡形状的变化，流场中出现多个高压脉冲和高速射流。本文通过直接求解原始变量的N—S方程，用VOF方法计算气液两相交界面的运动过程，对这一现象进行了数值模拟和分析。结果表明理论分析和实验现象相吻合。     

空泡在固壁附近潰灭的数值模拟

实验表明,静止流场中的近壁空泡在泡内外压差的驱动下将发生变形收缩,直至完全溃灭消失。在这一过程中,伴随着空泡形状的变化,流场中出现多个高压脉冲和高速射流。本文通过直接求解原始变量的N-S方程,用VOF方法计算气液两相交界面的运动过程,对这一现象进行了数值模拟和分析。结果表明理论分析和实验现象相吻合。     

自由液面附近空化泡的溃灭特性

研究自由液面附近空化泡的溃灭特性对认识水利水电工程中的空蚀破坏机理具有重要意义。为进一步认识自由液面附近空化泡的溃灭特性,开展了电火花激发空化泡试验。结果表明:(1)空化泡与自由液面距离较近时总是背离自由液面溃灭,背离的临界条件为空化泡与自由液面的距离约是空化泡最大半径的5倍。空化泡尺寸越大或空化泡与自由液面距离越近,其背离现象越明显。(2)自由液面附近双空化泡相向溃灭融合,且融合体背离自由液面移动。(3)在自由液面和空气泡的共同影响下,空化泡的溃灭方向是二者分别对空化泡作用的矢量和。通过本文研究,对自由液面附近空化泡的溃灭有了定量认识,可以在一定条件下预测空化泡的溃灭方向。     

基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的近壁区空化泡生长溃灭过程模拟

基于格子玻尔兹曼热流耦合模型,兼顾温度场与流场的相互影响,对近壁区空化泡的生长和溃灭过程开展了系统研究,分析了泡壁无量纲距离和初始输入温度对空化泡演化过程和溃灭强度的影响,并对比了被动标量模型与热流耦合模型的差异。结果表明:空化泡受壁面限制,生长过程中无法保持圆形,其最大半径与泡壁无量纲距离之间存在幂函数关系,当泡壁无量纲距离大于1.6时,则为线性关系;空化泡最大半径与输入能量为线性关系,与初始输入无量纲温度之间存在幂函数关系;热流耦合模型考虑了高温对表面张力的影响,与被动标量模型模拟结果相比,其溃灭阶段获得的射流体积更大,微射流更集中,但溃灭强度更小。     

High-speed experimental photography of collapsing cavitation bubble between a spherical particle and a rigid wall

The synergetic effects between cavitation bubbles and silt particles on the damages of materials are essential problems in fluid machineries. For studying the underlying microscopic mechanisms, in the present paper, the dynamic behaviors of a single cavitation bubble between a spherical particle and a rigid wall are experimentally investigated with a high-speed camera. The results indicate that the existence of the particle can affect the bubble shape during collapse and significantly accelerate the collapse velocity of the bubble. The influences of the particle size, the distance between the bubble and the particle and the distance between the bubble and the rigid wall on the phenomena are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. These parameters can prominently affect the collapse velocity of the bubble(especially its maximum value).     

Modeling of single film bubble and numerical study of the plateau structure in foam system

The single-film bubble has a special geometry with a certain amount of gas shrouded by a thin layer of liquid film under the surface tension force both on the inside and outside surfaces of the bubble. Based on the mesh-less moving particle semi-implicit(MPS) method, a single-film double-gas-liquid-interface surface tension(SDST) model is established for the single-film bubble,which characteristically has totally two gas-liquid interfaces on both sides of the film. Within this framework, the conventional surface free energy surface tension model is improved by using a higher order potential energy equation between particles, and the modification results in higher accuracy and better symmetry properties. The complex interface movement in the oscillation process of the single-film bubble is numerically captured, as well as typical flow phenomena and deformation characteristics of the liquid film.In addition, the basic behaviors of the coalescence and connection process between two and even three single-film bubbles are studied, and the cases with bubbles of different sizes are also included. Furthermore, the classic plateau structure in the foam system is reproduced and numerically proved to be in the steady state for multi-bubble connections.     

SURFACE TENSION EFFECTS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF TWO RISING BUBBLES

In the inviscid and incompressible fluid flow regime, surface tension effects on the behavior of two initially spherical bubbles with same size rising axisymmetrically in an infinite and initially stationary liquid are investigated numerically with the VOF method. The numerical experiments are performed for two bubbles with two different bubble distances. The ratio of gas density to liquid density is 0.001, which is close to the case of air bubbles rising in water. In the case of Dis = 2.5, where Dis is defined as the ratio of the distance between the bubble centroids to the radius of the bubble, it is found from numerical experiments that there exist four critical Weber numbers We1 , We2 , We3 and We4 , which are in between 10 and 100, 3 and 4, 1.5 and 1.8, and 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. In the case of Dis = 2.3, similar phenomena also appear but the corresponding four critical Weber numbers are lower than those in the case of Dis = 2.5. The mechanism of the above phenomena is analyzed theoretically and numerically.     

Effects of floc and bubble size on the efficiency of the dissolved air flotation (DAF) process.

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a method for removing particles from water using micro bubbles instead of settlement. The process has proved to be successful and, since the 1960s, accepted as an alternative to the conventional sedimentation process for water and wastewater treatment. However, limited research into the process, especially the fundamental characteristics of bubbles and particles, has been carried out. The single collector collision model is not capable of determining the effects of particular characteristics, such as the size and surface charge of bubbles and particles. Han has published a set of modeling results after calculating the collision efficiency between bubbles and particles by trajectory analysis. His major conclusion was that collision efficiency is maximum when the bubbles and particles are nearly the same size but have opposite charge. However, experimental verification of this conclusion has not been carried out yet. This paper describes a new method for measuring the size of particles and bubbles developed using computational image analysis. DAF efficiency is influenced by the effect of the recycle ratio on various average floc sizes. The larger the recycle ratio, the higher the DAF efficiency at the same pressure and particle size. The treatment efficiency is also affected by the saturation pressure, because the bubble size and bubble volume concentration are controlled by the pressure. The highest efficiency is obtained when the floc size is larger than the bubble size. These results, namely that the highest collision efficiency occurs when the particles and bubbles are about the same size, are more in accordance with the trajectory model than with the white water collector model, which implies that the larger the particles, the higher is the collision efficiency.