模型沙起动流速公式的研究

对现有泥沙起动公式的分析表明细颗粒泥沙起动流速大于试验值，本文利用大量的模型沙起动流速试验资料，对不同材质、粒径的各种模型沙，建立了起动流速的通用计算公式，该式与试验资料吻合良好。通过研究模型沙的起动状态与起动流速的变化规律，指出模型沙个别起动、少量动、普遍动对应的起动流速间具有线性关系，进而给出了模型沙不同状态的起动流速计算公式。     

斜坡上均匀散粒体泥沙的起动流速研究

以泥沙相对暴露度为基础,采用理论推导方法,得到了斜坡上泥沙相对暴露度的均值。在此基础上,采用泥沙滚动起动模型,得到了斜坡上不同起动概率的泥沙起动流速公式。通过引入修正系数,得到了适用于不同起动概率及不同斜坡上均匀散粒体泥沙统一起动流速公式。通过与不同斜坡起动流速资料及现有的斜坡泥沙起动流速公式比较可知,本文公式与其他公式均具有较高的计算精度,均可用于天然河流泥沙起动流速估算。     

泥沙输移矢量式及其应用

本文基于Parker等人泥沙输移矢量式的分析和研究，增加了上举力的作用，并考虑了泥沙颗粒受力非平衡条件，采用牛顿力学的矢量分析法，推导了泥沙输移的通用矢量式。经对公式简化，且用Ikeda和笔者试验资料的验证，证明计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

正负坡上均匀散粒体泥沙起动流速的研究

基于泥沙颗粒间相对暴露度及起动概率对泥沙起动的影响,引入附加质量力,采用泥沙滑动起动模型,推导出适用于正负坡条件下不同起动概率的泥沙起动底流速公式和垂线平均流速公式。在此基础上,引入泥沙颗粒形状修正系数。经实测资料验证,修正后的泥沙起动流速公式计算结果与实测资料吻合良好,不仅适用于均匀泥沙起动,还可以适用于非均匀泥沙起动。与已有的起动流速公式相比,本文公式形式简单,计算精度较高,可以应用于天然河流条件下非均匀泥沙起动流速计算。     

弯道岸坡上粗细泥沙统一起动流速公式

该文基于概率论与泥沙起动基本理论,考虑了起动概率、相对暴露度与细颗粒泥沙间黏结力和附加下压力对泥沙起动的影响,采用滑动起动模型,从理论上推导出了适用于弯道岸坡上粗、细泥沙颗粒起动的统一流速公式,完善了已有研究成果对泥沙起动概率考虑的不足。公式综合了弯道岸坡、顺直岸坡、正负坡及平坡等条件下粗细泥沙颗粒起动流速计算,可简化为各简单条件下泥沙起动流速公式。通过各简单条件下泥沙起动流速实测资料验证,该文公式与实测数据符合良好。     

沙波迎流面泥沙起动流速研究

利用概化沙波模型,研究了不同坡度、粒径及位置情况下的泥沙起动流速,根据实测数据指出沙波泥沙起动流速特征,并分析比较了与平坡起动的差别。通过对泥沙颗粒的受力分析,提出水流冲击力,并利用沙波垂线流速分布公式进行流速换算,建立了沙波泥沙起动流速计算公式。结果表明:在相同水流条件下,因沙波地形影响,迎流面泥沙起动流速值小于平坡;沙波不同位置处的泥沙起动流速非定值,随着水平位置而变化;坡度和粒径对再附点附近泥沙起动流速影响较小。通过验证比较表明,公式计算结果与实测资料基本一致,适用于描述沙波迎流面泥沙起动规律,可反映出沙波坡度和水平位置的影响。     

适用于明渠流及冰盖流的统一泥沙颗粒起动流速公式

为得到冰盖流条件下的非黏性泥沙起动公式,揭示冰期河道断面强烈冲淤变化的机理,基于Einstein假定,推导得到了同时适用于明渠流及冰盖流的统一的非黏性泥沙颗粒起动流速公式,所得公式与已有冰下泥沙起动流速试验数据符合良好。当冰盖糙率为0时,冰盖流泥沙颗粒起动流速公式即化为明渠流泥沙颗粒起动流速公式。应用所得公式,比较了明渠流、冰盖流、冰塞条件下的起动流速及可起动最大泥沙粒径关系,冰塞条件下起动流速最小,可起动最大泥沙粒径最大。2014年冰期黄河头道拐断面发生强烈冲淤变化,是冰花集聚形成冰塞引起可起动最大泥沙粒径增大所致。所得公式及所揭示机理,将为进一步深入研究河道冰期泥沙输移规律提供重要思路和参考。     

点源渗流作用下泥沙起动试验研究

通过自行设计试验装置,完成不同粒径原型沙在不同渗透力下的泥沙起动流速试验.结果表明:随着渗透力的增大,起动流速有下降趋势;在相同的渗透力下,粒径越大,泥沙起动流速下降的绝对值幅度越大;其原理是渗透力使泥沙颗粒产生部分失重,导致泥沙的等效密度下降,最终使泥沙起动流速下降.为渗透力起动泥沙在水流拖曳力作用下高效输送泥沙提供...     

泥沙颗粒相对隐蔽度在散体沙起动研究中的应用

运用泥沙隐蔽度的研究成果,结合泥沙起动的滚动模型,导出了以隐蔽度为参数的泥沙近底作用起动流速公式。通过对该式分别进行的极限分析和单调性分析,论述了散体沙起动的几个物理现象,论证了宽级配非均匀沙的起动特性。经过对泥沙颗粒隐蔽度分布特性及泥沙起动标准的分析,建立了泥沙颗粒隐蔽度与无因次起动切应力之间的数值关系。最后借鉴前人的研究成果,验证了本文公式的适用性。     

细颗粒原状土起动流速试验研究

为了得到更为客观科学的泥沙基本活动规律,利用有压矩形管进行了细颗粒泥沙起动试验。试验结果表明,管内水压力对细颗粒泥沙的起动有重要影响,水压力越大,管中泥沙起动断面平均流速和起动切应力越大。根据有压矩形管的水流分布特性和水压特点,将矩形管中水流转换为普通明渠水流,转换得到的明渠中泥沙起动垂线平均流速与试验矩形管中泥沙起动断面平均流速基本相同,验证了利用有压矩形管进行细颗粒泥沙起动流速试验的可行性和代表性。在试验矩形管与实际明渠的泥沙起动流速转换过程中,并未考虑不同水柱高度下曼宁糙率系数的变化,这方面还有待进一步研究。     

VECTORIAL COMPETENT VELOCITY FORMULATIONS ON ARBITRARY FACE S FOR NON-UNIFORM SEDIMENTS

1.　INTRODUCTIONMost sediment competent velocity formulations are in one dimension. It is difficult touse these formulationsin two dimensional cases.Studies on sedimentmotivation atarbitraryfaces,especially on non-uniform sediments,are very rare.Based on the vectorial forceanalyses of sediments at arbitrary faces,the competent regulations of concealing andrevealing sectors are discussed in this paper. By simplifying these factors of force balancerelations,the competentvelocity formulation…     

Distribution of Pb, As, Cd, Sn and Hg in soil, sediment and surface water of the tropical river watershed, Terengganu (Malaysia)

Hydrogeochemistry and distribution of Pb, As, Cd, Sn and Hg in soils (n = 53), sediments (n = 42) and surface waters (n = 51) of the tropical Terengganu River basin, northeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia, were investigated. The order of abundance of the elements in soils followed granite > metasedimentary > Quaternary deposit ? volcanic with slight enrichment as compared to the upper continental crust. Both soils and sediments registered the order of concentration of Pb > Sn > As ? Cd ? Hg with an enrichment factor (EF) < 6 for sediments indicating slight enrichment representing the regional background and less likely due to the anthropogenic activity related input. SEM analysis revealed the presence of Malayaite (CaSnOSiO₄) explaining elevated Sn concentration (up to ∼34 mg/kg; 3 times the upper continental crust) in soils. Soil Pb distribution showed the geology as the primary control.Dissolved concentrations of As showed an increasing and Cd decreasing with distance from upstream to downstream along the river flow path. Lake surface waters registered 16 times higher Cd concentrations (average ∼ 14.21 μg/L) than the river waters, but lake sediments registered lower Cd concentration than the river sediments (average ∼ 0.45 mg/kg) revealing Eh, pH and TDS control. Dissolved average Hg concentration (∼0.04 μg/L) was measured to be lower than the tropical river waters from the Central Africa river, but higher than the Mekong and the Amazon Rivers.     

浅谈保山市水电开发存在的问题及对策

云南省保山市水能资源非常丰富,近年来形成水电开发热潮,但近期由于多种原因使水电开发工作困难重重,问题成堆,延缓了水电开发的进程。对水电无序开发的情况,既要坚持治理,也要出台相关政策,保护建设业主的积极性,防止一个倾向掩盖另一个倾向,使水电建设健康有序的发展。     

The effect of damming on biological quality according to macroinvertebrates in some Estonian streams,Central—Baltic Europe: A pilot study

The effect of damming on the structure of the macroinvertebrate community and biological quality was studied in nine (the 3–6th order) lowland streams of Estonia, Central—Baltic ecoregion of Europe. Four habitats—reservoirs with accumulated fine sediments, reservoirs with hard bottom, and two corresponding below‐dam areas (both fast‐flowing)—were compared to study whether and how significantly the bottom substrata in dammed areas affected macroinvertebrates and biological quality downstream of dams. The standard kick‐net samples (1.25 m², complemented with qualitative sample) were collected in autumn 2005—spring 2006. The multimetric biological quality, based on five macroinvertebrate indices (total taxa richness, EPT taxa richness, Average Score Per Taxon, Danish Stream Fauna Index, Shannon diversity) was estimated and compared with reference values. Biological quality in reservoirs with hard bottom and their downstream reaches corresponded to good, or even high quality. Conversely, damming affected biological quality significantly and negatively, above the dam if fine sediments were accumulated. The effect was the strongest within muddy reservoirs themselves (revealing moderate quality only). However, some harmful consequences of mud were observed also downstream of dams. The results also demonstrated that the indices of estimation of organic pollution and/or general quality were able to reflect significant changes in stream flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鱼类在TDG过饱和含沙水体中的耐受性

为探讨高坝泄洪引起的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和含沙水体对鱼类的影响,以岩原鲤和鲢鱼为研究对象,开展TDG过饱和含沙水体对不同鱼类的急性暴露试验,根据鱼类受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫后的异常行为和死亡率、半致死时间等指标来分析不同鱼类受胁迫后的耐受性和差异性。试验结果表明:试验初期,试验用鱼出现较明显异常行为和气泡病症状,且岩原鲤早于鲢鱼;相同TDG饱和度下,随着含沙量的增加,试验用鱼半致死时间缩短,且岩原鲤半致死时间短于鲢鱼,表明鲢鱼比岩原鲤具有更强的适应能力和耐受能力;当TDG饱和度较高时,即使含沙量低,也会造成试验用鱼的大量死亡;过饱和TDG是导致试验用鱼死亡的主要原因,但不能忽略泥沙对试验用鱼死亡的促进作用。     

袁河底泥污染物监测与分析

本文通过对袁河沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷和COD(重铬酸钾法)含量的监测,分析袁河底泥污染物的分布规律,并通过同一断面袁河污染物与底泥中相应污染物含量的对比,研究底泥污染物的来源,由此得出除个别断面外,沉积物中污染物含量高的断面河水中的含量相应的也较高。对比袁河与太子河流域可知,袁河流域沉积物污染程度远低于太子河流域。这就为维持袁河河流生态健康,合理利用袁河水资源提供了依据。     

基于时移高密度电法的堤防隐患探测技术

为实现隐患险情的快速定位、预警,在对堤防隐患探测方法总结的基础上,介绍了时移探测技术的发展历程;从观测方法、数据采集与处理、反演成像、异常评判方法上对时移高密度电法的工作原理进行了阐述;通过构建数字模型对洞穴和渗漏2种常见堤防隐患开展三维正演数值模拟分析,研究了时移高密度电法在堤防隐患探测技术上的有效性;结合堤防工程实例对时移高密度电法动态探测技术开展了方法技术示范验证;针对堤防线路长和隐患具隐蔽性、突变性、持续性及低可探性,从观测系统、反演成像技术角度评估了时移探测技术在隐患险情灾变动态探测中的可能性。结果表明时移高密度电法在堤防隐患探测方面是可行的。     

Transport of contaminants along the seattle waterfront: Effects of vessel traffic and waterfront construction activities

Cleanup of contaminated sediments along the Seattle waterfront is complicated by uncertainty regarding sources of contamination and the interrelationship between point sources, non-point sources, vessel traffic, construction projects, and resuspension. The results of field studies are presented that address the potential for recontamination of sediments following proposed cleanup projects, the sources of contamination and their relative magnitudes, and the natural and anthropogenic processes that affect transport of contaminated sediments along the waterfront. The primary factors affecting the success of cleanup projects along the Seattle waterfront are identified as resuspension of contaminated sediments by propellor wash and construction activities, and subsequent transport of the suspended sediments by natural and vessel-induced currents to adjacent areas.     

Lake Ontario Sediment - Mirex Relationships

Sediment samples collected from within the eastern basin of Lake Ontario, the Oswego River and harbor indicate that mirex, a persistent, chlorinated hydrocarbon continues to accumulate in harbor and offshore lake sediments. A high statistical relationship exists between mirex and organic carbon concentrations in deep water lake sediments. Mirex-contaminated sediments are accumulating in the deeper waters (>100m) of the lake at rates ranging from about 2.2–7.0 mm/yr. Nearshore bottom sediments are subject to redistribution, providing a continuing source of mirex to lake organisms.     

现代高时空分辨率崩岸应急监测技术研究进展与展望

由于崩岸具有隐蔽性、突发性强、危害性大等特点,及时开展崩岸应急监测可掌握险情发展动态,便于开展崩岸灾害应急处理及抢护准备工作。随着无人机、多波束、三维激光扫描、孔径雷达等技术的发展,提出了从船载水陆一体化崩岸高分辨率地形获取、无人机广域崩岸岸线巡查与险情监视、真实孔径雷达岸坡稳定性监测与预警的现代高时空分辨率崩岸应急监测技术体系,重点介绍该技术体系中各监测手段的系统构成、系统特点,总结其应用现状及前景。高时空分辨率崩岸应急监测技术体系的构建使得险工险段快速、精准的监测及深入感知险情的发展及演变成为了可能,从而逐渐为崩岸预警、险情处置及后续河道整治提供可靠的技术支撑。