高速掺气水流数值模拟研究

应用FLUENT商用软件及其二次开发技术,采用双流体模型及混合k-ε 湍流模型对带有掺气挑坎的陡槽高速掺气水流进行了二维数值模拟。根据掺气水流的特点,重点对相间阻力模型进行了改进,特别在构建相间阻力本构关系式时考虑了湍流扩散的影响。计算结果表明,在相间阻力模型中考虑湍流扩散的影响,可明显改善以往数值计算对水流掺气估算不足的状况,使掺气浓度的分布和掺气量的计算结果与试验数据符合更加良好。说明在合理构建相间相互作用力的基础上,采用双流体模型可较好地模拟高速水流掺气现象。     

挑坎下游高速掺气水流的数值模拟

应用FLUENT软件及其二次开发技术,采用双流体模型及混合k-ε湍流模型对带有掺气挑坎的陡槽高速掺气水流进行了二维数值模拟。根据掺气水流的特点,重点对相间阻力模型进行了改进,特别在构建相间阻力本构关系式时考虑了湍流扩散的影响。计算结果表明,在相间阻力模型中考虑湍流扩散的影响,可明显改善以往数值计算对水流掺气估算偏低的状况,使掺气浓度的分布和掺气量的计算结果与试验数据符合更加良好,说明湍流扩散对掺气浓度的分布有重要作用。当采用双流体模型模拟掺气水流时,相间作用力模型应考虑湍流扩散的影响。     

掺气水流相间作用力模型分析

本文分析了掺气水流内部结构形态及水、气两相间速度滑移的特征，得到如下结论：在掺气水流中，宏观的相间速度滑移不会很大；水、气两相间动量的传递以惯性推动作用为主，并给出了虚质量力的具体表达式。     

泄槽底部掺气坎后水流掺气浓度分布模型试验

针对泄槽底部掺气坎后的掺气浓度分布规律较为复杂、研究成果较少的问题,为了更清楚地探究泄槽底部掺气坎后上游直段、反弧段及下游直段水流掺气浓度分布规律,采用含有反弧段的泄槽进行模型试验研究。试验结果表明:上游直段、反弧段及下游直段水流中不同水深处掺气浓度的沿程变化规律是不相同的;其他条件不变时,水流掺气浓度随掺气坎高度的增加而增大,随反弧段反弧半径的减小而减小;掺气坎高度和反弧半径对掺气设施的有效保护范围有一定的影响,适当提高掺气坎的高度和反弧段的半径对增大掺气设施的有效保护长度有利。     

明流泄洪隧洞中自掺气水流浓度分布及其计算

通过对明渠和明流隧洞中自掺气水流的对比试验，研究了明流隧洞中洞顶的存在对掺气浓度分布的影响。试验结果表明：洞顶的存在可导致洞顶附近掺气浓度分布随高度的增加而减小的情况，同时，在水点跃移区的中上部高含气段，掺气浓度亦有所减小，甚至全断面掺气浓度均低于99%.根据有无顶盖时水点通量守恒的条件，建立了一个计算明流泄洪隧洞中自掺气水流掺气浓度分布的理论公式，并在适当的假设前提下，对公式作了简化并对洞高分别为9cm和10cm情况下，不同流量、不同余幅的掺气浓度进行了计算，计算结果与试验资料吻合较好。     

突扩式跌坎消力池掺气特性试验

采用模型试验对突扩式跌坎消力池内水流的掺气浓度进行了量测,研究了来流条件、突扩比、水流流态对掺气特性的影响。结果表明：突扩式跌坎消力池掺气水流典型流态为水跃流叠加在射流之上,跃首被射流分裂成两部分,气泡跃移区在泄槽延长线范围内,长度较无突扩跌坎消力池有所减小,气泡悬移区长度有所增加,临底长度有所减小,突扩处为清水回流区,携带部分气泡;无突扩跌坎消力池底板掺气浓度呈降峰形曲线分布,各纵向断面沿程掺气浓度分布均匀;突扩式跌坎消力池底板掺气浓度呈升峰形曲线分布,掺气浓度在消力池底板1/4中线处最大,1/2中线处次之,靠近边墙处最小;在同一水力条件下,突扩式跌坎消力池底板掺气浓度较无突扩跌坎消力池有显著降低,且消力池底板掺气浓度不随突扩比的增大而减小。     

水平向涡流水流结构与气体迁移扩散特性研究

在掺气减蚀研究中,气体的迁移扩散对减蚀效果有重要影响。为研究水平向涡流水流中的气体迁移扩散特性,建立了水平向涡流模型,通过物理模型试验及数值模拟对水平向涡流掺气水流进行分析。结果表明:数值模拟计算能较为全面地提供三维流动的流场分布情况;水流结构可划分为附壁流动区、水平向涡流区、壅水回流区以及表面旋滚区;气体卷吸的部位是水面各水流结构区交汇处,水平向涡流区、壅水回流区、表面旋滚区掺气浓度随来流量及堰上水头升高而增加,附壁流动区掺气浓度随来流量及堰上水头升高而减小;附壁流动区、表面旋滚区、水平向涡流区掺气浓度沿程先增大后减小,壅水回流区沿程掺气浓度先减小后增大。研究成果可为泄水建筑物或消能工预防空化空蚀现象的发生提供参考。     

水垫塘不同水流结构区掺气浓度分布规律试验研究

为了得到水垫塘局部掺气浓度分布规律,减少过流边壁空蚀破坏的发生,采用水力学模型试验的方法,将水垫塘内水体进行水流结构分区,通过改变泄流流量、水流入射角度、水垫深度三个条件,实测水垫塘不同水流结构区掺气浓度值,研究气体在不同水流结构区的运动机理。对试验所测数据进行整理得到水垫塘不同水流结构区掺气浓度分布曲线,且不同的水力条件与其拟合近似为二次曲线关系。通过分析得到水垫塘不同水流结构区掺气浓度分布规律如下:各水流结构区掺气浓度随泄流流量增大而增大;射流与附壁射流区紊动掺混随泄流流量增大而更加剧烈;掺气浓度随水垫深度增大而减小;淹没射流区与旋滚区掺气浓度随水流入射角度增大而减小,附壁射流区掺气浓度随入射角度增大而增大,但变化不明显。     

明流脉动压强特性对自掺气发展影响试验研究

通过系列模型试验,采用脉动压强仪和针式掺气浓度仪,在不同初始流速与水深条件下详细测量了陡槽自掺气水流沿程各断面掺气浓度与脉动压强,重点分析了脉动压强与掺气浓度分布之间的相关关系,以及断面平均脉动强度对掺气区气泡扩散的影响。试验结果表明:随着明渠水流自掺气沿程不断发展,同一个断面上的脉动压强从断面底部至自由面呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,其中最大值位于断面掺气扩散区;断面平均脉动强度呈现沿程逐渐增大的变化趋势;在不同来流流速、水深及雷诺数条件下,自掺气水流断面平均脉动强度与断面掺气扩散区域之间呈现良好的相关关系。     

前置掺气坎坡度对阶梯溢洪道掺气水流影响的数值模拟

为研究复杂边界条件下气液两相界面的流动及混掺现象对工程建设的影响,结合某大型水电站的溢洪道,利用RNG k-ε模型对其进行三维流场模拟,采用有限体积法离散控制方程,并用GMRES算法进行压力求解,对前置掺气坎式阶梯溢洪道和传统阶梯溢洪道泄流壁面上的高速掺气水流进行数值模拟。结果表明:随着掺气坎坡度的增加,其掺气空腔及掺气浓度均有所增大,随着水流下泄掺气浓度沿程降低,达到一定距离后趋于稳定,掺气浓度值达到了减免空蚀破坏的要求;与传统阶梯溢洪道的模拟结果进行对比可知,增设前置掺气坎后,既可以增加前几级阶梯的掺气浓度使水流提前达到水气平衡,也没有降低阶梯式溢洪道的消能率,为解决传统阶梯溢洪道中出现的工程难题提供了一种新思路。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。