长河坝水电站特高心墙堆石坝双防渗墙渗流控制特性反演分析

为高效反演模型渗流参数,建立有限元模型,采用多因素敏感性分析法研究了长河坝水电站特高心墙堆石坝坝基渗流控制特性对防渗系统各材料以及表层基岩的渗透系数的敏感性。结果表明：表层基岩和主防渗帷幕的渗透系数对双防渗墙各自阻挡水头比例影响较大,极差分别为0.174和0.125;其余材料渗透系数影响较小,敏感性由强到弱排序为副防渗帷幕、副防渗墙、主防渗墙、砾石土心墙;基于此结果的反演计算值与实测值之间误差不超过5%,满足工程应用要求。     

长河坝水电站坝基防渗墙与土心墙连接研究

长河坝水电站砾石土心墙堆石坝最大坝高240 m,坝基河床覆盖层厚度为60~70 m,对于河床部位心墙建基面下厚度约53 m的强透水覆盖层采用两道全封闭混凝土防渗墙防渗。防渗墙与土心墙的连接部位是坝体和坝基防渗系统的薄弱及关键部位,其连接设计是否成功是大坝设计的关键点和难点。通过对坝基防渗墙与土心墙连接型式的对比选择、副防渗墙插入心墙高度研究、主防渗墙与土心墙廊道式连接研究及防渗墙与土心墙连接部位高塑性粘土设置研究,精细化了防渗墙与土心墙连接部位的结构设计,选择出了适宜长河坝水电站砾石土心墙堆石坝防渗墙与土心墙的连接方案。     

高心墙堆石坝坝基防渗墙与心墙连接方案研究

深厚覆盖层坝基上的高心墙堆石坝越来越多地采用两道防渗墙的设计方案。防渗墙与土质防渗体连接处是抵御渗透破坏的关键部位,该部位的混凝土结构设置方案优化是防渗设计的重点内容。阐述了瀑布沟电站心墙堆石坝混凝土防渗墙与土质心墙几种连接方案的设计比选过程,重点研究了防渗墙和廊道完全被高塑性黏土包裹和仅顶部被高塑性黏土包裹两个优化方案中心墙底部的孔隙水压力和渗透坡降的性状,表明这两个方案都是可行的。连接部位的渗透坡降是非均匀的,混凝土结构顶部的渗透坡降较大,心墙底部出口处的渗透坡降较小;坝体与两岸相接部位心墙底部渗流出口处的渗透坡降最大;高塑性黏土仅设置于混凝土结构顶部有利于心墙变形和施工进度,推荐设计采用。     

瀑布沟高心墙土石坝渗流分析

在深覆盖层地基上修建高土石坝,其防渗体系的可靠性是一项关键技术问题.防渗墙与土质防渗体连接处是抵御渗透破坏的关键部位.根据瀑布沟土石坝防渗体系的结构特点,利用有限元方法对瀑布沟土石坝进行了渗流分析.结果表明:坝体渗流与应力变形计算时,副防渗墙按40％承担水头较为合适;连接部位的渗透坡降是非均匀变化的,混凝土结构顶部的渗透坡降较大,心墙底部出口处的渗透坡降较小;坝体与两岸相接部位心墙底部渗流出口处的坡降最大.研究结论可以为类似工程提供参考和借鉴.     

混凝土面板堆石坝三维渗流场特性分析研究

以羊曲水电站为依托,通过建立水电站面板堆石坝的三维渗流有限元模型,计算分析了坝体及 其坝基的三维稳定渗流场特性,得到了坝体和坝基的位势分布、坝体各料区的渗透坡降及渗透流量等。 分析了防渗帷幕和坝基岩体渗透参数对渗流场的影响。结果表明,坝体、坝基及左右岸坝肩的防渗措施 均满足要求。     

特高心墙堆石坝蓄水工况非稳定渗流分析

某特高心墙堆石坝库水位在蓄水期上升较快，为保证心墙等关键部位的渗透稳定性，根据实际监测资料确定计算工况，基于非稳定饱和-非饱和渗流理论，采用有限元法计算坝体非稳定渗流场。计算结果表明：蓄水过程中，心墙防渗效果较好，坝体内等势线向心墙上游侧表面集中，渗透坡降最大达到11.52,此值超过了心墙现场检测的平均破坏坡降，但并未达到反滤层保护下的允许渗透坡降，渗透稳定满足要求。计算成果可为此工程后续蓄水以及类似工程提供参考。     

水布垭水利枢纽三维渗流场有限元分析

 通过数值模拟分析了心墙堆石坝坝体、坝基和两岸山体的渗流分布规律和防渗帷幕的作用效果，以及坝体、坝基渗透参数变化和不同运行工况等因素对渗流场的影响；结合有关渗透稳定性试验成果，对坝体及坝基的渗流状态作了初步的分析和评价，提出了相应的渗流控制措施。     

某土石坝悬挂式混凝土防渗墙深度优选

在深厚覆盖层上修建土石坝,坝体和坝基的防渗效果直接关系大坝的安全。根据西南地区某土石坝坝址区工程地质条件,坝体采用沥青混凝土心墙防渗,深厚覆盖层采用悬挂式混凝土防渗墙方案,重点对悬挂式混凝土防渗墙深度进行了6种方案对比分析,确定防渗墙深度22 m时,大坝及坝基年渗流量和渗透比降满足要求。在此基础上,进行了多个工况的校核分析,计算结果表明,采用以沥青混凝土心墙和防渗墙为主的防渗体系,有效降低了坝体内部浸润线高度,浸润线在沥青混凝土心墙处骤降,下游坝坡内部孔隙水压力较小,最大坝高处浸润线降至排水层,下游出逸点位于下游排水体中下部,沥青混凝土心墙和混凝土防渗墙的渗透比降均小于允许值80,坝体填筑材料和天然砂砾石层的渗透比降均在允许渗透比降范围内,坝体、坝基渗流稳定,不会发生渗透破坏。     

纳子峡面板砂砾石坝渗流性态三维有限元分析

根据纳子峡水电站工程坝址区地形地质条件,建立了坝址区三维渗流有限元模型,计算分析了正常蓄水、设计洪水和校核洪水3种工况下坝体及坝基的稳定渗流场,获得了坝体和坝基的位势分布、坝体各分区的渗透坡降及渗透流量等。计算结果表明,在各种工况下坝体及坝基的渗流场符合一般规律,混凝土面板及防渗帷幕等组成的防渗系统可消减水头84%以上,其作用明显;混凝土面板及坝基防渗帷幕的渗透坡降较大,垫层、砂砾料区等的渗透坡降很小,坝体各分区的渗透坡降均小于材料的容许渗透坡降,大坝防渗排水系统的设计在技术上是合理的。     

某水库复杂坝基沥青混凝土心墙坝渗透安全评价

某水库工程沥青心墙坝坝基存在砂卵砾石层渗透性强、河床断层、左岸绕坝渗流等防渗设计难题,为减少渗漏和保障工程运行安全,该工程坝体采用沥青混凝土心墙进行防渗,坝基及左岸古河槽采用固结灌浆及帷幕灌浆的方式进行防渗处理。针对坝体和坝基系统的防渗设计,通过三维渗流分析,确定了不同运行工况下水库的渗透流量,研究了坝体和坝基系统及周围山体的渗流场分布,结合渗透破坏试验确定允许水力坡降,对大坝防渗体系的有效性和防渗设计合理性进行了评估。结果表明,该工程防渗体系能有效防止水库发生明显渗漏,坝体下游渗流出逸点和坝基覆盖层不会发生渗透破坏。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。