重金属污染物动态吸附试验及数学模拟

本文采用泥沙动力学中Ｒｏｕｓｅ等人用来研究泥沙浓度沿垂线分布的装置。对泥沙吸附重金属污染物进行了动态模拟。试验分有底泥和无底泥两种情况。研究中发现在Ｒｏｕｓｅ装置的水力、泥沙条件下泥沙吸附重金属污染物达到平衡状态需要６小时以上，由极坐标下的重金属迁移转化数学模型方程，在本文具体试验条件下进行数值求解，计算结果和试验结果合良好，说明数学模型是正确合理的试验是可靠的。计算时依据室内静态试验结果，对动态     

天然河流重金属污染物吸附自净现象的模拟试验研究

本文对天然河流重金属污染物吸附自净现象，重金属污染支流汇入干流，无重金属污染的挟沙支流汇入重金属污染干流以及泥沙运动方式不同对重金属污染物吸自净的影响进行静态概化模拟试验研究，并采用谐振式紊动模拟装置进一步研究水流紊动条件，泥沙补给条件及泥沙运动方式对重金属污染物吸附自净的影响，研究表明，泥沙运动方式不影响泥沙的吸附等温式参数，在水流紊动强度较小时，泥沙作底泥，吸附速率很小，短时间内对水相浓度的吸     

不同粒径泥沙解吸重金属污染物静态试验研究

从吸附反应动力学方程和质量守恒方程出发，导得静态解吸试验中泥沙剩余吸附量和水相重金属浓度随时间变化的计算公式，并导得泥沙剩余平衡吸附量和水相平衡浓度随泥沙吸附－解吸的特性、泥沙初始重金属吸附量和泥沙浓度变化的计算公式。在此基础上，结合试验进一步研究了不同粒径泥沙解吸重金属污染物的能力。     

泥沙吸附重金属污染物的数值模拟研究

为研究分相模型中泥沙颗粒吸附重金属的过程,以Langmuir等温式为基础,将泥沙相和重金属相看作两相,通过步进法和UDS方法两种计算方法对泥沙颗粒的吸附过程进行了数值模拟。首先利用Fluent软件将组分输运模型与UDS法相结合,模拟了7种湍流模型下的泥沙吸附过程,所得结果与Langmuir模型对比,验证了该方法的可行性,并选出了吻合度最高的模型。其次,应用选出的模型对不同含沙量、不同粒径泥沙颗粒吸附量和镉离子水相浓度变化趋势进行了模拟。结果表明:含沙量直接影响水体的吸附作用,含沙量越小,吸附作用越弱,吸附速率越慢,浓度小于一定限度时水体吸附作用可忽略不计;不同粒径泥沙在水体中的吸附作用差异明显,但并不能决定泥沙吸附量;UDS方法和步进方法在考虑粒径的影响时计算的吸附量不同,从吸附量的角度来看UDS法更加贴切,从到达动态平衡的角度来看步进法更加吻合。     

高浊度河口颗粒态重金属对泥沙运动的指示作用

作者根据1994年6月长江口、杭州湾的水质调查资料，分析了这类高浊度河口颗粒态重金属的分布规律。研究表明，在长江口和杭州湾内，悬沙和表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd分布特征相似，尤其在杭州湾中部水域，二者重金属含量呈趋同的态势。细颗粒泥沙是颗粒态重金属的主要载体。在高浊度河口，动力沉积过程为控制颗粒态重金属分布和输移的主要因子，颗粒态重金属的分布对泥沙运动具有指示作用，悬沙和表层沉积物中重金属元素的分布反映了长江口泥沙向杭州湾输移的事实。     

泥沙粒径对重金属污染物吸附影响的研究

本文系统研究了不同粒径泥沙颗粒对重金属污染物的吸附作用，粗细不同的泥沙对重金属污染物的吸附能力差异很大，因此研究天然河流泥沙吸附能力必须考虑泥沙组成的非均匀性和各级泥少的含量，度量泥少量粒吸附能力的标准主要是吸附活性组分的含量，而不仅是粒径大小。     

黄河水体中泥沙与污染物迁移转化关系探讨

黄河泥沙对水质有着显著的影响，给黄河水资源保护工作带来一系列不同手其他河流的特有的问题和困难。在黄河多沙水体监测技术研究的基础上，分析了黄河水体中重金属、耗氧有机物、有毒有机污染物、营养性污染物等的迁移、转化和归宿。科学研究黄河水环境问题，必须结合水环境化学、环境地球化学、水化学和水利工程科学（主要是水力学、泥沙运动力学）等多门学科，充分研究黄河泥沙的特点、理化特性和黄河泥沙与污染物问的作用，确立科学系统的多沙水体前处理方法和豁测技术．才能对黄河水质污染状况作出科学的判断。     

河流泥沙与磷作用情景模拟及分析

泥沙是河流水环境系统的重要组成部分,泥沙运动过程和泥沙吸附解吸作用对河流水质具有显著的影响。天然河流中泥沙运动状态存在一定的变化,尤其是河流上修建大坝蓄水后,库区泥沙运动过程的变化更加明显,相应也会引起水环境条件的改变。本文采用挟沙水流水质一维数学模型,以磷为代表污染物,在一定的水流、泥沙和水质的计算条件下,对泥沙稳定吸附、泥沙淤积、床沙冲刷和不同冲刷位置等4种情景对水环境的影响进行了模拟和分析。通过模拟说明了特定条件下泥沙运动状态和吸附特性变化对水环境的影响,从而为进一步认识天然河流中泥沙对水环境的影响提供支持。     

河流重金属迁移转化分相模型研究

从重金属的迁移转化机理出发,考虑泥沙作用对重金属迁移转化的影响,建立了重金属迁移转化分相模型,并对模型的模拟效果和各相态的模拟结果作了分析.结果表明:在资料缺乏的情况下,模型模拟效果基本能够反映污染物的变化趋势,各相态重金属浓度的变化趋势也基本合理.     

黄河泥沙与重金属污染物相互作用研究现状

20世纪80年代以来,国内外学者对重金属在泥沙颗粒上的吸附、解吸研究都很活跃,且取得了不少成果,研究内容包括吸附动力学方程、泥沙和水环境特征(泥沙粒度、矿物成分、pH值、温度等)对吸附的影响、水体中重金属的化学稳定性等。粗细不同的泥沙对重金属污染物的吸附能力差异很大,泥沙颗粒越细,比表面积越大,吸附能力越强;在同一重金属初始浓度下,重金属从溶液中的去除量随pH值的升高而增加;水体中含沙量增加时,单位泥沙对重金属的吸附量先增加后降低。     

九龙江口-厦门湾悬沙浓度及多岔口潮汐汊道泥沙输运的数值模拟

基于环境流体动力学模型(Environment Fluid Dynamic Code/EFDC)水动力和泥沙模块,该文针对九龙江口-厦门湾水域潮动力强、浅滩面积大的特点建立二维潮流泥沙数学模型并利用实测数据进行校验。模型精简适用,成功反演了该水域的水动力场和悬沙浓度场,并能正确反映浅水区域的水沙运动特征。结果表明:在潮流作用下,厦门湾水体中悬沙浓度由外向内递增,悬沙随着潮流的涨落在湾内外作中-长距离的往复运动。湾内特别是浅滩区,大潮期悬沙浓度大于小潮期且浓度随潮变化明显,小潮期悬沙场则较为稳定。采用抓斗式挖泥船(源强Q=7.5 t/h)在翔安东南侧浅滩疏浚作业对邻近保护区基本无影响,但翔安南部"五岔口"型潮汐汊道存在能远程输运近岸疏浚泥沙的"泥泵式"水动力场,促使形成环绕厦门岛东海域的带状悬沙分布,该文进一步揭示了形成该分布的水动力机制。增大疏浚强度可导致白海豚保护区被污染,悬沙带宽度增大,浓度上升。     

2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN THE LOWER YANGTZE RIVER

The assessment of the radiological impact of the liquid discharges from nuclear power plants is a major issue for the environmental protection. In this study, a numerical model for the radionuclide transport in the aquatic environment is built, based on the hydrodynamic equations, including the complete set of Saint-Venant equations, the sediment transport equations, with consideration of several different particle sizes and the deposition and erosion of the suspended sediments, and the radionuclide transport equations. The exchanges of radionuclides between water, suspended matter and bed sediments are described in terms of kinetic transfer coefficients. The model is used to simulate the transport of the radionuclides discharged from a planned nuclear power plant project to be sited along the lower Yangtze River. From the model results, one may see the detailed temporal-spatial evolution of the radionuclide contamination in the solution, in the suspended matter and in the bed sediments. The model can be used as a basic tool for studying the environmental impacts of the liquid discharges from nuclear facilities on a river system.     

Integratives Schwebstoffmonitoringkonzept – Innovative Ans?tze auf Basis direkter und indirekter Methoden

This work presents the Austrian monitoring strategy for measuring suspended sediment transport in rivers, the application of which is mandatory at the measurement sites of the Austrian monitoring network provided by the hydrological service and which was published in ??Suspended sediments in rivers??guidelines for the monitoring of suspended sediments.?? In order to determine the temporal and spatial variability of the suspended sediment transport a combination of direct and indirect methods is used. The monitoring methods applied and their interrelation during the data processing via correction factors are described. The monitoring concept was implemented at the Hainburg Stra?enbrücke/Donau measurement site, where a comparison involving different conversion factors was performed. The results of annual and monthly load calculations are presented for the years 2008 and 2009     

An Estimation of the Suspended Sediment Load Using Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System,Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network Models

Sediment transport in streams and rivers takes two forms as suspended load and bed load. Suspended load comprises sand + silt + clay-sized particles that are held in suspension due to the turbulence and will only settle when the stream velocity decreases, such as when the streambed becomes flatter, or the streamflow into a pond or lake. The sources of the suspended sediments are the sediments transported from the river basin by runoff or wind and the eroded sediments of the river bed and banks. Suspended-sediment load is a key indicator for assessing the effect of land use changes, water quality studies and engineering practices in watercourses. Measuring suspended sediment in streams is real sampling and the collection process is both complex and expensive. In recent years, artificial intelligence methods have been used as a predictor for hydrological phenomenon namely to estimate the amount of suspended sediment. In this paper the abilities of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models among the artificial intelligence methods have been investigated to estimate the suspended sediment load (SSL) in Ispir Bridge gauging station on Coruh River (station number: 2316). Coruh River is located in the northern east part of Turkey and it is one of the world”s the fastest, the deepest and the largest rivers of the Coruh Basin. In this study, in order to estimate the suspended sediment load, different combinations of the streamflow and the SSL were used as the model inputs. Its results accuracy was compared with the results of conventional correlation coefficient analysis between input and output variables and the best combination was identified. Finally, in order to predict SSL, the SVM, ANFIS and various ANNs models were used. The reliability of SVM, ANFIS and ANN models were determined based on performance criteria such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Efficiency Coefficient (EC) and Determination Coefficient (R²).     

河口海岸物质输运时间尺度研究进展

从物质输运时间概念、研究方法及应用方面综述了近年来河口海岸物质输运时间尺度的研究进展,论述了目前物质输运时间尺度主要数学模型的优点和局限性,着重讨论了基于物质组成的年龄和存留时间(CART)理论的研究进展。针对当前非保守性物质输运时间尺度研究中存在的不足,指出易被泥沙吸附的污染物的输运时间尺度需要考虑其与泥沙的相互作用过程,加强非保守性物质、泥沙和易被泥沙吸附的污染物输运时间尺度研究有助于全面了解复杂物质的输运规律;CART理论应拓展应用于计算非保守性物质、泥沙和考虑泥沙影响的污染物输运时间尺度的研究。     

An investigation on suspended solids sources in urban stormwater runoff using 7Be and 210 Pb as tracers

Radionuclides 7Be and 210Pb were used as tracers to identify suspended solid sources and transport pathways in the storm runoff events from urban catchments. Water samples were collected in runoff of storm events in Wuhan City, China. Suspended solids, COD, TN, TP, and the 7Be and 210Pb activities in the suspended solids were analyzed. Following the pathway of urban runoff pollution, the rain precipitation, urban ground dust, gutter sediments, and sewer deposit samples were analyzed for 7Be and 210Pb activities. The results show that the 7Be/210Pb ratio decreased through the system from a value of 0.86+/-0.44 in ground dust, to 0.63+/-0.18 in suspended solids in storm runoff from the sewer outlet, to 0.55+/-0.31 in gutter sediments, and to 0.41+/-0.13 in combined sewer deposits. The 7Be/210Pb ratio decrease suggests that 60+/-12% of suspended solids at sewer outlet originated from the drainage system sediments, the rest was from the wash-off of urban ground dust during the rainfall events. The 7Be and 210Pb trace approach can give insight into the short-term source and transport of pollutant during storm runoff in urban drainage systems and it can help to develop management strategies.     

Two Dimensional Heavy Metal Transport Model for Natural Watercourses

This work presents the development and calibration of a two‐dimensional (depth‐averaged) river flow, sediment transport and heavy metal transport model in natural watercourses. Because heavy metals occur in dissolved and adsorbed phases, implementing the active‐layer concept for sediment transport computation enabled the development of a heavy metal transport model that accounts for pollutant moving in dissolved phase, adsorbed on suspended sediment, adsorbed on bed‐load, deposited in the active‐layer of the river bed or adsorbed on sediment in deeper strata. The proposed concept also enables the modelling of pollutant exchange processes using accessible sediment particle surface area for suspended and bed sediment separately. The presented heavy metal transport model is able to manage sediment mixtures found in natural watercourses using an arbitrary number of sediment size‐classes, distinguishing in this way smaller size‐classes that engage in interaction with the pollutant. Using field measurements for a reach of the Danube River, simulations were conducted for water flow, sediment transport and heavy metal transport. While some discrepancies between measured and computed values for pollutant concentrations were observed, the model reproduced the water and sediment contamination quite reasonably with acceptable mass conservation errors. The simulations also gave an insight in the general behaviour of the monitored heavy metals in the considered river reach. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed model is suitable for simulating complex flow, sediment transport and heavy metal transport conditions in natural watercourses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling impact of culture facilities on hydrodynamics and solute transport in marine aquaculture waters of North Yellow Sea

An increasing number of marine aquaculture facilities have been placed in shallow bays and open sea, which might significantly affect hydrodynamic and solute transport processes in marine aquaculture waters. In this study, a coupled hydrodynamic and solute transport model was developed with high-resolution schemes in marine aquaculture waters based on depth-averaged shallow water equations. A new expression of drag force was incorporated into the momentum equations to express the resistance of suspended culture cages. The coupled model was used to simulate the effect of suspended structures on tidal currents and the movement of a contaminant cloud in the marine aquaculture of the North Yellow Sea, China. The simulation results showed a low-velocity area appearing inside the aquaculture cage area, with a maximum reduction rate of velocity close to 45% under high-density culture. The results also showed that tidal currents were sensitive to the density of suspended cages, the length of cages, and the drag coefficients of cages. The transport processes of pollutants inside aquaculture facilities were inhibited away from the vicinity of the culture cage area because of the diminished tidal currents. Therefore, the suspended cages significantly affected the transport processes of pollutants in the coastal aquaculture waters. Furthermore, the reduced horizontal velocity significantly decreased the food supply for the aquaculture areas from the surrounding sea.     

长江口细颗粒泥沙过程

本文对长江口细颗粒泥沙过程研究进行了总结,并提出了今后重点研究方向1）长江口细颗粒泥沙是非均匀沙，其运动机理究竟如何？2）大规模水利工程究竟如何影响长江口最大浑浊带?3）在长江口细颗粒泥沙过程的数学模拟中,如何考虑河口波、流相互作用(耦合)及其对近底细颗粒泥沙输移的影响?4）整个长江口水域瞬时、连续的水深、含沙量、地形变化资料的获*粒泥沙过程数学模拟的精度。5）长江口悬沙以拉格朗日模式输运,而过去大多悬沙观测调查是在欧拉模式中进行，如何进行欧拉和拉格朗日模式对比研究?6）风暴潮、台风等对长江口细颗粒泥沙运动的影响。