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1.
In the field of Ecological Economics, the need of using physical indicators to analyse economic processes, at the same time
they serve as tools in decision making, has been lately highlighted. Virtual Water (VW) and Water Footprint (WF) are two useful
indicators in achieving this objective, the first one from the perspective of production, the second one from that of consumption.
This difference between them is interesting inasmuch as it allows to identify the subjects who are responsible for water consumption,
whether producers or consumers, and proves both indicators’ potential when designing water management policies. In this work,
we consider a hypothesis according to which there is a clear difference between the two concepts—Virtual Water and Water Footprint—and
this difference, although evident in their respective conceptualizations, is not reflected in their estimations and applications.
This is true to the point that the two concepts are often used as synonyms, thus wasting the enormous potential associated
to their difference. Starting from this hypothesis, our objective is, first of all, to highlight this evident but ignored
difference between VW and WF through a deep and thorough literature review of the conceptual definitions and contributions,
the methodologies developed and the applications made regarding the two concepts. Second, we intend to make a conceptual and
methodological proposition aimed at underlining the differences already mentioned and to identify responsibilities in water
consumption. We do it by broadening the context of analysis and by integrating the production–consumption binomial and water–energy
nexus. 相似文献
2.
1 IntroductionThe Tidal Thames is a well mixed estuary stretching some140 km from Teddington to the North Sea , which provideshabitats for both resident and migrant fish species . With tidalwater enteringfromthe ocean and fresh water flowingfromtheland ,t… 相似文献
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《中国水利》2001,(9)
General Thoughts on Water Resources Devel-opment In Western Regions In order to realize the objective of having abreakthrough in construction of infrastructure facilitiesand ecological environment, Ministry of Water Re-sources has proposed the Guiding Principles of WaterResources Development in West Regions as follows: 相似文献
5.
Water Resources Management - Governments stimulate efficiency measures to save water resources, particularly in areas with high water stress and those that experience droughts. However, economic... 相似文献
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7.
The European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) is a unique piece of legislation, which may be of great significance to on-going reforms of the water sector in China. First and foremost it unites 27 European member states behind a common goal, which is “to achieve good chemical and ecological status” of all water bodies across the EU. Other significant characteristics of the EU WFD are that (1) it sets a clear timeframe with a number of time-bound actions for member states to achieve the goal, but leaves it to member states to achieve this goal in a decentralised process, which makes allowance for the different socio-economic conditions, (2) it defines the river basin as the management unit for water thus departing with the traditional fragmented management by administrative units and it appoints a single competent authority for water management within each river basin, thus facilitating resolution of sector conflicts, (3) it requires a financial and economic analysis of the costs of implementing the EU WFD to enable decision makers to assess whether the required improvements are affordable to government and to the population within the river basin, and (4) it requires a structured process for information and consultation with stakeholders and the public throughout the planning and implementation process. 相似文献
8.
Ingmar van Meerkerk Arwin van Buuren Jurian Edelenbos 《Water Resources Management》2013,27(7):2179-2194
In this paper, we explore how managing actors’ boundary judgments influence the adaptability of water governance. We approach this question by examining the relationship between the way water managers frame, and act in, complex water issues on the one hand and develop adaptive water governance strategies on the other. We define four categories of boundary judgments made by water managers in order to deal with the complexities in water governance issues. An in-depth case study analysis of an attempt to adjust the management of the water regime in the south-west Delta of the Netherlands is provided in order to reconstruct the water managers’ boundary judgments and their impact upon governance strategies used. We found that, most of the time, the water managers involved predominantly made tight boundary judgments. These tight boundary judgments seemed to hamper the mutual learning process among a variety of stakeholders that is needed to realize adaptive water governance. We argue that wide boundary judgments enhance the chance of realizing adaptive practices and build upon exploration, learning, and connection. 相似文献
9.
Berger Markus Campos Jazmin Carolli Mauro Dantas Ianna Forin Silvia Kosatica Ervin Kramer Annika Mikosch Natalia Nouri Hamideh Schlattmann Anna Schmidt Falk Schomberg Anna Semmling Elsa 《Water Resources Management》2021,35(4):1291-1298
Water Resources Management - The water footprint has developed into a widely-used concept to examine water use and resulting local impacts caused during agricultural and industrial... 相似文献
10.
《小水电新闻》2006,23(2):5-5
As one of the members of the Chinese delegation, Mr. Li Zhiwu, Vice Division Chief of International Cooperation, Science and Technology, HRC, attended the 4th World Water Forum, which was held in Mexico City from 16th to 22nd March 2006, with the theme of "local actions for a global challenge." More than 11000 representatives from over 80 countries, including China, participated this main international event on water, which comprised the following contents: the Thematic Forum, the Ministerial Meeting, the Youth Water Forum, the Children Water Forum, the Water Expo and the Water Fair.Representatives at the gathering discussed widely on the issues concerned, such as the further actions for effective saving, protection, man-agement and utilization of water resource, and the integration of regional actions and world water conservancy construction, etc. 相似文献
11.
In Benin, annual water availability per capita far exceeds the critical threshold of about 1,700 m3, but during the dry season, water scarcity occurs at the local scale. By modeling the water balance of the Ouémé–Bonou catchment with WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning System), this study aimed at analyzing Benin’s future water situation under different scenarios of socio-economic development and climate change until 2025. The results show that the pressure on Benin’s water resources will increase, leading to greater competition for surface water. Furthermore, financial and technological constraints hinder a satisfactory development, and exploration of groundwater and reservoir resources. However, improvements are most needed, especially in rural areas. Decreasing inflows and groundwater recharge due to climate change aggravate this situation. Even though there are uncertainties and constraints concerning the model and input data, this study shows that the WEAP results offer a solid basis to assist planners in developing recommendations for future water resource management by revealing hot spots of action. 相似文献
12.
Incorporating Eco-environmental Water Requirements in Integrated Evaluation of Water Quality and Quantity—A Study for the Yellow River 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
River water has dual functions; it can be withdrawn for agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses and provides eco-environmental
water (EEW) for riverine systems. A concept of intensity of ecological function of river water (IEFRW) has been put forward,
and an integrated water quantity and quality evaluation method in combination with eco-environmental water requirements has
been developed for a river. Based on the monthly data of water quality and quantity as well as the withdrawals during 1997
to 1999, an integrated evaluation of water resources has been conducted for the Yellow River. The results indicated that actual
IEFRW can directly reflect the health state of riverine ecosystems. The actual increments of water resources availabilities
caused by providing EEW for the riverine systems were lower than the eco-environmental water requirements of the riverine
ecosystem, leading to the intermittent interruption of river flow and other eco-environmental problems of the Yellow River. 相似文献
13.
YUAN Hong-renProfessor-senior Engineer Yangtze Valley Water Resources Protection Bureau Wuhan China LUO Xiao-yongSenior Engineer Yangtze Valley Water Resources Protection Bureau Wuhan China 《人民长江》2002,(Z1)
Waterfunctiondivisionistodividethewatersinaba sinoraregionintodifferentwaterfunctionregionsaccordingtothenaturalfeaturesaswaterresourcescondition ,geo graphicallocation ,environmentalcondition ,etc .andsocialfeaturesasthestatusquoofdevelopmentandutilizati… 相似文献
14.
Jeniffer Kinoti Mutiga Shadrack T. Mavengano Su Zhongbo Tsehaie Woldai Robert Becht 《Water Resources Management》2010,24(14):3939-3959
Inadequate water resources management and a general decline in rainfall have aggravated water scarcity problems in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro North Basin in Kenya. Furthermore, water use conflicts in the basin have escalated in recent decades due to increased competition for available water resources. Excessive abstraction of the declining river water mainly for irrigation in the Mount Kenya and Nyandarua foot zones often leads to reduced water flow during the dry seasons, greatly affecting downstream water users. Increased water use in the basin coupled with deterioration of the vegetative cover has resulted in reduced water flows in the Ewaso Ng’iro river and its major tributaries. In addition, lack of sufficient knowledge about available water resources and current lack of coordination in water resources management in the basin often result in water deficits which have hampered development in the downstream catchment. The goal of this study was to match the water requirements of various competing sectors in the basin with the available water resources in order to attain both economic and ecological sustainability. To achieve this, GIS techniques were used to quantify the spatial and temporal stream flow. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was applied to evaluate water resources development based on an equilibrium scenario of the current water demand. Water use was simulated for five different sectors (domestic, livestock, wildlife, irrigation and reserve). The analyses revealed that high water demand for irrigation was the main cause of excessive water abstraction particularly in the upstream catchments, giving rise to water shortages and consequently, water use conflicts downstream. The study, therefore, recommends that rainwater harvesting be promoted in the basin in order to improve water availability for productive use. 相似文献
15.
From Water Poverty to Water Prosperity—A More Participatory Approach to Studying Local Water Resources Management 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The Water Poverty Index (WPI), a tool designed for integrated analysis of water issues, was set-up in a community in Madhya Pradesh, India through a transparent and participatory process. Though the aim of the WPI is to primarily use existing statistical data, quantitative information from census and local records was combined with qualitative data from community interviews and participatory exercises. The inclusion of community chosen indicators and the adjustment of values so that higher numbers represent water prosperity rather than water poverty, led to the Water Prosperity Index (WPI+). The WPI?+?score was contrasted with the WPI at community level. It was also calculated for two community areas with different caste and socio-economic characteristics and weighted separately according to water issues prioritized by men and women. The WPI?+?revealed a great difference in water access between the two areas and in prioritized issues between men and women illustrating the importance of appropriate spatial representation and gender sensitive assessments for revealing important disparities. Results also showed that highly aggregated data hide these differences making it more difficult to target the most vulnerable groups when planning measures to increase equitable water allocation. While quantitative data reveal an important perspective of the water situation, qualitative data about adequacy of resources, services or institutions, improve understanding of which issues to prioritize. A valid and useful community water index must be based on representative participation, transparency and local influence on the methodology and subsequent results. 相似文献
16.
Nikoleta Jones Konstantinos Evangelinos Petros Gaganis Eugenia Polyzou 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(2):509-522
Planning and implementing environmental policies for the sustainable management of water resources is a challenging task.
In order to improve the effectiveness of these policies it is essential to explore their social implications. The present
article aims to investigate environmental policies focusing on domestic water conservation and their interconnection with
social capital elements. In particular, by means of an empirical study conducted in an insular community of Greece, citizens’
perceptions are explored concerning the restrictions imposed from different environmental policy instruments for water consumption
and their perceived level of effectiveness. Furthermore, the influence of social capital parameters on these perceptions is
investigated. Aggregated indicators of social capital are estimated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis measuring social and
institutional trust, participation in social networks and compliance with social norms. Through the results of ordinal regression
models it is evident that significant connections exist between elements of social capital and perceptions of citizens towards
water consumption policies. 相似文献
17.
As there is a limited availability of information on the domestic water consumption through kitchen taps, data collected in
a study on dishwashing habits in four European countries has been analysed to gather common habits in the water end-use of
households. This paper provides empirical data based on water consumption measurements in 81 households. With the help of
a simultaneous webcam observation of the kitchen sink, it was possible to assign the metered consumption data to a specific
water use, such as cleaning, drinking or cooking. Water end-use has been analysed with this approach at a very deep level.
The study shows that there are, in some measure, large country-specific differences in diurnal water use, as well as in the
composition of kitchen activities. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that small households use much more water per
person and day than bigger households. This is rather important as demographic shifts are causing a decreased average household
size - particularly in urban areas - and, therewith, a growing demand. Water-saving measures at the household and individual
level should meet this trend. This paper, therefore, also provides information on to what extent particular kitchen tasks
are influential for water consumption in the kitchen, respectively, which activities are important to concentrate on for consumer
advice regarding water conservation. 相似文献
18.
Greer Robert A. Lee Kyungsun Fencl Amanda Sneegas Gretchen 《Water Resources Management》2021,35(11):3497-3511
Water Resources Management - Public–private partnerships (PPPs) have grown in popularity as a method to leverage private sector actors in the production of government services. With the... 相似文献
19.
Wanshun Zhang Yan Wang Hong Peng Yiting Li Jushan Tang K. Benjamin Wu 《Water Resources Management》2010,24(3):485-511
As the demand for water continuously increases with population growth and economic development, the gap between water supply
and demand in China has become increasingly wide. In recent years worsening water pollution has caused this gap to become
much more serious. Conventional allocation pattern, which mainly considers water quantity as the key factor, is no longer
satisfying the water allocation need. A coupled water quantity–quality model in a river basin is presented in this paper to
provide a tool for water allocation schemes analysis. The pollutants transport and hydrological cycling processes in a river
basin are involved in the model. A river network is divided into different reaches. According to the division of river network,
the areas out of the river are divided into a series of tanks. In each tank, hydrologic processes, pollutant loading production,
water demand of users and water supply are calculated. In river network, hydrodynamics processes and water quality are simulated.
Water quantity and quality exchanges between each tank and river are also considered. The time step of water quality calculation
is 24 h, the same with that of water quantity calculation. In each time step period, the connections of river reaches and
tanks are realized through the exchange of water quantity and quality between rivers and tanks: pollutants discharge from
tanks to rivers and water intake from rivers to satisfy water demand in tanks. The water use in each tank includes three types:
domestic, industrial and agricultural water use. Water allocation schemes are one of the input conditions of the model. Using
the proposed model, in each tank, water demand and deficit of different uses, in both water quantity and quality, can be obtained
under different water allocation schemes. According to the water deficit, water allocation schemes are analyzed to make proper
allocation schemes. In this aspect, the proposed model can also be thought as a water allocation model. The model is tested
and applied to the Jiaojiang River basin, Zhejiang Province, China, to analyze the different water resource allocation schemes. 相似文献
20.
The Ak?ehir and Eber Lakes, relatively shallow, small freshwater lakes with an area of 361 km2 and 150 km2 and average depth of 7 m and 2 m (1998), respectively in southwestern Turkey, have experienced a severe decline in water levels in recent decades. This study aimed to investigate coastline and water level changes of lakes and identify the causes for the decline in lake levels. Nine Landsat images from different times, monthly temperature, precipitation, discharge, lake level records and population data were used to analyze these changes. From 1975 to 2009, the water surface areas of the Ak?ehir and Eber Lakes decreased from 356,929 to 126,482 km2 and from 119,882 to 85,663 km2, a loss of 64.5% and 28.4% over the 34-year period, respectively. From 1975 to 2004, the Ak?ehir Lake level declined by 2.67 m from 956.02 m to 953.35 and the Eber Lake level declined by 2.03 m from 966.75 m to 964.72 m from 1975 to 2004 based on ground lake level data (in situ). The results of the temperature and precipitation analysis showed that although the annual mean climatic factors vary substantially, they show small increasing trend over the record periods. Annual discharge records on the Akarçay River and its tributaries decreased over the basin during the same period. Irrigation systems, three dams and seven pounds built in recent decades for agricultural irrigation and domestic use, made the major impact on lowering the lake levels because they derive water from the river for human use upstream of the lakes’ catchments. Population growth, rising water consumption for agricultural and domestic purposes and building dams has led to lake levels declining. The change of lake levels might depend more on anthropogenic factors than on climatic factors. 相似文献