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1.
河流生物栖息地的生态水文学研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
从研究对象、空间尺度和生态群体3个角度对河流生物栖息地进行分类,阐述了生态指标与水文要素间主要存在的4种关系,总结流量、流速、水位/水深、水温、水质等水流要素对河流生物的影响,归纳了目前表征河流生物栖息地的水文水力学指标和适宜性评估方法,并指出未来研究方向。  相似文献   

2.
根据鱼类洄游、产卵和越冬等生命周期中的水环境状况、水文情势、水动力特性及地形特征等要素将影响鱼类栖息地的若干指标分成水质指标、水文学指标、水力学指标及河流地形指标。并通过分析各项指标的生态学意义,筛选出其中若干与鱼类生活、繁殖相关的评价指标。最终建立了包含目标层、要素层、特征层和指标层4个层次的鱼类栖息地环境评价指标体系,该体系以保护鱼类栖息地为目标,包含4类要素、13类特征共46项指标,可为河流栖息地评价及鱼类保护提供重要依据。  相似文献   

3.
本研究采用野外生物监测、栖息地同步观测和实验室控制实验等技术手段,应用生物学、鱼类生态学、生态水力学、水文学等多学科理论,基于河流栖息地模拟法,研究了黄河下游指示物种黄河鲤生态学特性及其栖息生境与流速、水深、水温等水文水环境因子之间的关系,将径流条件与目标物种不同生长阶段生物学信息相结合,建立了代表物种繁殖期、越冬期栖息地适宜度指数,构建了黄河下游重点河段河流栖息地模型,建立了指示物种栖息地状况与河川径流条件定量响应关系,提出黄河下游花园口和利津断面繁殖期最小生态流量为300 m3/s和100 m3/s、适宜生态流量为600~700 m3/s和190~250 m3/s。该研究在水生生物习性及其与河川径流响应关系方面实现突破,解决了黄河生态需水研究中关键技术问题。  相似文献   

4.
 将长江江口至涴市天然河道的鱼类水声学调查数据和水文学观测数据相结合,在对流速和水深空间插值基础上,提取不同鱼类规格和密度对应水深和流速的特征值,从而研究鱼类对天然河道中水层平均流速、水深2个环境因子的选择特性。研究结果表明:①不同规格的鱼对流速和水深的选择存在差异,规格小的鱼选择了较低的流速和较宽的流速范围,规格大的鱼选择了较高的流速和较窄的流速范围;规格小的鱼选择的水深明显高于规格大的鱼,喜好的水深范围也宽于规格大的鱼。②鱼类密度对流速的选择性不明显,但对水深的选择性明显,即深水区鱼类密度较高。③研究江段范围内江口镇附近江心洲两侧流速变幅范围较其上、下游江段宽,并且江心洲两侧鱼类的分布密度也高于其邻近上、下游段鱼类密度。可见,江心洲的存在提供了流速多样性格局,丰富了鱼类生境的多样性。本研究方法可为评价河流栖息地适宜性及生态功能提供借鉴。  相似文献   

5.
三峡水库蓄水后变动回水区水动力条件和泥沙运动发生了显著变化,鱼类栖息地也受到了不同程度的影响。为了掌握三峡变动回水区朝天门至涪陵河段蓄水期鱼类栖息地现状,研究采用Bisonics DT-X科学回声鱼测仪对朝天门至涪陵河段进行了鱼群空间分布及生境特征监测。结果表明:蓄水期该河段水环境因子空间分布变化不显著,表明水环境因子不是影响该河段鱼群分布的主要原因;水深与流速在该河段变化较大,是影响鱼类栖息的关键因子;监测到8个大型鱼群平均密度为(64.6±13.5) ind/(103 m3),鱼类平均体长为(16.8±4.6 )cm,以中小型鱼为主;回水沱、深潭及分汊河道是鱼类喜居河段,是鱼类重要栖息地。研究结果可为三峡水库变动回水区鱼类保护和栖息地修复提供科学依据。  相似文献   

6.
东江是粤港澳大湾区重要的水源地和生态廊道,了解东江下游河流鱼类群落健康对于流域水生态保护尤为重要。本次调查了东江下游地区河流的鱼类,选用丰富度指数(dM)和香农-威纳指数(H′)评价群落健康,并探究其与水质因子之间的关系。结果显示,东江下游河流共发现鱼类7目19科43属50种,其中鲤形目最多,鲈形目次之,外来鱼类有10种。鱼类群落健康状况与CODCr、BOD5、TP等水质污染因子呈现出显著或极显著的负相关性,表明水质污染影响到鱼类群落健康。河流被侵占、硬质化改造、建设闸坝拦河设施等破坏栖息地的行为也对鱼类群落造成了不利影响。大部分调查位点发现有外来鱼类,且在受污染河流中外来鱼类更占据优势。需要从改善河流水质、恢复鱼类栖息地多样性与连通性以及加强外来鱼类管理防控等多方面入手,制定科学的治理对策及管理措施,推动流域鱼类保护与恢复工作。  相似文献   

7.
River2D模型是河道内流量增加法(IFIM)中的一个河流水动力学和鱼类栖息地模拟软件,可以模拟流量和鱼类栖息地之间的定量关系.介绍了River2D模型的构成及理论基础.利用漓江桂林市区段地形图和实地勘测的地形数据,建立漓江桂林市区段River2D模型,初步结果表明,模型能有效地反映某个特定条件或某个时刻河流流量、流速及水深的分布情况,可以在河流修复等研究中发挥作用.  相似文献   

8.
探究水利工程干扰下的鱼类生境变化特征是维护河流生态健康的基础性研究。以汉中平川段内汉江三桥桥闸下游10 km为研究河段,利用水文学法和栖息地模拟法计算了生态流量。建立了河段二维水动力学模型,选用宽鳍鱲为目标鱼种,依据其对水深和流速的适宜性曲线确定了流量变化下的生境面积,并采用生境质量分级分析了不同流量响应鱼类生境的变化特征。研究结果表明:两种方法计算出河流生态流量相近,分别为54.3和53.1m~3/s,最终适宜流量为47.8~54.3 m~3/s;在流量8.8~212.7 m~3/s时,相比中等和低质量生境,高质量生境面积随流量的波动更为显著,呈现先升后降的趋势,212.7 m~3/s以上流量的各级生境面积随流量变化较小;高质量生境多分布于两岸和冷水河交汇口,中等质量生境主要分布在河段下游;低质量生境位置相对不固定;研究成果可为桥闸运行和河流鱼类保护提供重要参考依据。  相似文献   

9.
针对罗梭江替代生境适宜度及影响因素尚缺乏定量分析的问题,选取澜沧江干流特有经济鱼类中国结鱼(Tor sinensis)为目标物种,基于河流内流量增加法(IFIM),结合二维水动力模型和鱼类栖息地适宜性曲线,建立了罗梭江典型鱼类的栖息地评价模型,分析了替代生境适宜度及其影响因子。结果表明:罗梭江作为澜沧江最大支流,能为中国结鱼提供良好产卵场,产卵场在丰水期(7—9月)数量和质量较优,高质量产卵场主要分布于河流蜿蜒处;罗梭江不适宜成鱼全年栖息,尤其在枯水期(2—4月),成鱼产卵及育肥适宜度最差。在罗梭江替代生境后期管理中,建议优先加强对河流弯道处的生境保护及捕捞管理,同时重视其关联干流的生态保护。  相似文献   

10.
以北京市南沙河为例,从河流生态和行洪安全的角度出发,对城市河流进行探讨分析,旨在确定适宜城市发展的河流平面蜿蜒形态,为城市河流的规划发展提供理论依据。基于河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型,选取流速、水深作为特征性指标,以AUTOCAD散点构建南沙河老牛湾附近河段的不同平面蜿蜒形态数据,利用MIKE21模型对所构建的平面蜿蜒形态进行水动力模拟,并对其模拟结果进行梳理。根据系统分析法探讨城市河流不同平面蜿蜒形态与流速水深分布多样性、所选特征鱼类适宜生存流速水深以及河流的行洪安全要求三方面之间的关系,从而确定了蜿蜒度为1.4的平面形态对南沙河老牛湾附近河段的发展建设更为有利,明确了城市河流生态适宜性平面蜿蜒度的定义。  相似文献   

11.
Habitat suitability refers to the mechanism that enables organisms to choose suitable habitats to survive. In the present study, we studied the habitat suitability of young golden mahseer (fingerlings and juveniles) in the streams of the Ramganga River, one of the prominent rivers of the western Himalaya. Different habitat types and microhabitat features were documented. Habitat suitability was evaluated by generating habitat suitability criteria curves in response to varying habitat availability and use by young golden mahseer during different seasons. Generalised linear modelling (GLM) was used to analyse environmental characteristics responsible for selecting golden mahseer habitats. We studied mahseer based on body size into two main classes, that is, fingerlings (1.5–10 cm) and juveniles (10–30 cm). Golden mahseer fingerlings preferred mean depth (0.1–0.6 m) and mean stream velocity (0–0.2 m/s) at stream reach dominated by diverse substrate compositions such as sand, gravel, and small cobbles. Similarly, juveniles preferred mean depth (0.1–1.5 m) and mean water velocity (0.1–0.5 m/s), with cobbles, bedrock, and sand dominating their habitats. The GLM results indicated that dissolved oxygen, temperature, and water velocity were the significant factors influencing habitat suitability. High dissolved oxygen positively influenced fingerlings, whereas moderate to high water velocity affected juveniles the most. Therefore, to understand the flow requirement for threatened species like golden mahseer, it is essential to characterise critical habitats and develop criteria based on habitat suitability curves.  相似文献   

12.
In addition to the hydromorphological pressure on the ecological conditions of free-flowing river courses, increasing water temperature is affecting the water bodies, particularly by changing freshwater community compositions. The low discharge of numerous European rivers in the dry and hot hydrological year 2022 proves this relevance. Therefore, ecological assessment tools such as habitat modeling should take these factors into account when assessing the quantity and quality of habitats. In this paper, the habitat modeling tool “Transient River Habitat Modeling for Macrozoobenthos” (TRiMM) is improved by incorporating a fuzzy logic approach and adding water temperature to the set of parameters determining habitat suitability for macrozoobenthos. Habitat-relevant parameters, including hydromorphological factors (depth, velocity, mineral and organic substrate) and a water quality factor (temperature), are combined in the habitat model so that it can more broadly characterize river physical conditions and their interactions with biological indicators. Habitat modeling employed the mentioned parameters to simulate suitability for the macrozoobenthos in a small river in central Saxony, Germany. Due to its deteriorated condition, this river was selected as a representative for thousands of kilometers of small rivers across the region, which have been restored. The model simulated the status quo of river conditions from spring to summer for three macrozoobenthos species (Ancylus fluviatilis, Ephemera danica and Gammarus fossarum). The results showed that the natural flow resulted in dynamic habitat suitability both spatially and temporally, which differs for each species. Remarkably, the five-parameter model (depth, velocity, temperature, mineral, and organic substrate) generally performed better compared to a similar model without temperature.  相似文献   

13.
北方地区由于缺水干旱、城市化进程发展和人为活动等影响导致河流生境退化严重,现有评价体系和方法不能很好地反映河流生境状况,基于此,构建了包括河流形态结构、水质水量、河岸带状况、景观环境、水生生物5个方面共13项指标的北方河流生境质量评价指标体系,确定了各指标的等级划分及生境质量综合指数计算方法。结合北京市延庆区妫水河生境调查结果,对流域内选取的妫水河干流及3条支流按照河流河段尺度分为缓坡型、山区型和城区型河段,并利用构建的评价体系和方法开展具体评价。结果表明:(1)研究区域13个样点的河流生境质量状况差异显著,约46.2%的样点河流生境质量处于好等级,约15.4%的样点为较好等级,约7.7%的样点为一般等级,约23.1%样点为较差等级,约7.7%的样点为最差等级。(2)缓坡型河段的生境质量明显优于山区型河段和城区型河段,其生境等级为"好",山区型和城区型河段的生境等级均为"较差",表明河流水量和人类负面干扰对河流生境影响较大。(3)该评价指标体系适合北方缺水干旱的特殊生境状况,其评价结果较为直观的反映了河流生境现状,兼备科学性和可操作性。  相似文献   

14.
本文通过野外试验研究了人工阶梯深潭对下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用,试验河段位于西南山区的吊嘎河上150m侵蚀下切严重的河段,布置15级人工阶梯,对水流 (水深、流速、水面宽、流量)、河床底质、河床微地貌和水生底栖动物物种及数量变化进行了5个月监测。试  相似文献   

15.
The physical characteristics of river habitats constitute the setting in which fluvial biota dwell and thrive. Determining the spatial and temporal patterns of physical habitat characteristics and the main factors that control them is extremely important to increase the efficiency of river management, conservation, and restoration. This study determined spatial patterns of physical habitat characteristics for Atlantic and Mediterranean rivers in northern Spain and developed a river classification based on hydromorphological characteristics. Data gathered from almost 600 sites following a modified version of the River Habitat Survey methodology were used. In addition to the usual River Habitat Survey variables, the sequence of hydromorphologic units (i.e., areas exhibiting similar hydraulic characteristics, in terms of water velocity and depth), water depths, and widths were recorded. Unmodified reaches were selected computing the Habitat Modification Score. Multiple Linear Regression models were employed to test relationships between Principal Component Analyses that summarized physical river habitat characteristics with ecological relevance and environmental variables (i.e., climate, topography, land cover, and geology) at different spatial scales and used to predict physical habitat attributes for all river reaches. The density of hydromorphologic units, flow turbulence, substrate size, and channel dimensions were able to discriminate river classes within the river network, with topography being the main environmental driver of habitat characteristics (although climate, geology, and land cover were also relevant). This classification scheme could constitute a useful tool to restore physical habitat conditions in modified river reaches.  相似文献   

16.
The present study proposes a support vector machine (SVM)-based habitat model linked with evolutionary optimisation to balance the impacts of generating hydropower on the downstream river habitats. This method was applied in the Rajaei reservoir and Tajan River basin in Iran to mitigate the environmental impacts of hydropower plants. SVM model classified the habitat suitability at downstream river in which a sigmoid function considering different slopes was applied. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient as the evaluation index of the habitat model is 0.8, which implies the SVM model is robust to simulate physical habitats. Hydraulic simulation demonstrated that depth and velocity change from zero to 1.79 m and zero to 1.82 m/s, respectively. Most suitable river flow is 7 m3/s downstream of Rajaei reservoir. Five evolutionary algorithms were used to balance environmental impacts with generating hydropower. Finally, a fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) selected the best optimal solution in the Rajaei reservoir. Based on optimisation results, The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was the best optimisation method to balance generating hydropower and downstream ecological impacts, in which average habitat suitability is more than 90% of average habitat suitability in the natural flow, while reliability of generating hydropower is 38%. Moreover, SA is able to minimise the average difference between habitat suitability in the optimal release and the natural flow properly. Using the proposed method is recommendable to mitigate the potential impacts of generating hydropower on the downstream river habitats.  相似文献   

17.
Anthropogenic alterations to large rivers ranging from impoundments to channelization and levees have caused many rivers to no longer access the floodplain in a meaningful capacity. Floodplain habitats are important to many riverine fishes to complete their life‐history strategies. The fish community and species of fish that inhabit floodplain habitats are often dictated by the type of habitat and the conditions within that habitat (e.g., temperature, water velocity, depth, and discharge). As mitigation and restoration projects are undertaken, it is imperative that managers understand how various habitat components will affect the fish community in floodplain habitats. We collected fish and habitat data from two restored side channels with different structural designs on the lower Platte River, Nebraska, to determine how habitat variables predicted species diversity and individual species presence. We found a decrease in discharge in the main‐stem river resulted in increased diversity in one of the side channels, with the greatest diversity values occurring during summer. No habitat variables performed well for predicting fish species diversity for an adjacent side channel with more uniform depth and velocity and no groundwater inputs. However, several native riverine fish species in this side channel were shown to be associated with high temperature, dissolved oxygen, main‐stem discharge, and discharge variability. These results highlight the importance of considering the physical design of restored floodplain habitats when attempting to enhance fish communities.  相似文献   

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