山区河流河床形态对推移质输沙率影响的试验研究

为探索山区卵砾石河流推移质运动受水流条件和河床形态的影响规律,开展了大比降浅水流动条件下卵砾石输移的室内水槽试验,获得了两组泥沙组成的19个流量条件下的水流、泥沙及河床三维地形场数据。结合室内水槽试验及文献中的天然河流输沙观测数据,分析了不同水沙输移阶段水流阻力、河床形态与推移质运动之间的关系。试验结果表明:河床阻力系数随着河床形态强度参数增大而增大,形态阻力与河床形态强度参数相关性更强。在泥沙补给充分阶段,推移质输沙率与床面阻力、形态阻力及河床形态强度参数均呈正相关关系;在泥沙补给不充分的水流冲刷阶段,推移质输沙率随河床形态强度参数增大而减小。     

减速流条件下卵砾石输移规律初步研究

实测资料显示,长江三峡水库变动回水区末端段床沙质以卵砾石夹沙为主,消落期出现的碍航特性主要由卵砾石推移质运动造成,对三峡库尾段航运造成很大影响,有必要对库尾水流条件下的卵石输移规律进行研究。库尾水流通常是非均匀减速流,目前对非均匀流的研究多把局部近似为均匀流。通过库尾非均匀流减速流的卵砾石输移水槽试验,观测减速流卵砾石运动输移过程,并确定非均匀系数对卵砾石输沙强度的影响,再与已有推移质公式对比,根据已有相近的输沙强度公式结构形式,结合水槽试验结果,拟合得出含有非均匀系数的适合于减速流态下的卵砾石输移的输沙强度公式,并通过计算值与实测值的对比验证公式的合理性。     

向家坝水电站下游非恒定水沙特性研究

水电站日调节和泄洪引起的非恒定流改变了下游河道的天然水沙过程,将影响下游河道的防洪、航道、港口及船舶航行安全,需研究坝下非恒定流的传播规律、关注航道内比降与流速的变化以及航槽内的输沙特性,实现水电与航运协调发展.结合向家坝水电站下游滩段的物理模型试验与坝下一维数模计算的成果,开展了电站下泄非恒定流对下游水位、流量、比降、流速及输沙的影响研究.结果表明:日调节引起的坝下水位、流量变化沿程坦化,水位与流量变幅沿程减小;随着电站泄水波的行进,峰前瞬时比降和水流速度相应增大,退水时沿程水面比降与流速随谷减小,随后恢复原有的比降(流速)与流量关系;泄水波峰前最大比降随流量变率的增大而增加,与流量的变幅无关;非恒定流输沙率大于恒定流的输沙率.     

基于图像识别的非恒定流卵砾石输移试验研究

采用自主研发的水位、泥沙运动同步观测系统,分析相同幅度、不同周期非恒定流条件下卵砾石起动试验研究,其中水位与泥沙运动观测系统主要由相机、超声水位计组成。提出了卵石运动图像的分析方法,能够有效识别经过断面的卵石运动。初步对非恒定流条件下卵砾石输移进行研究,试验结果表明,非恒定流条件下,上升段输沙强度大于下降段输沙强度,随着周期的增加,上涨段与下降段的输沙强度差逐渐减小。     

双峰型非均匀沙粗细颗粒相互作用对推移质输移的影响

为研究粗细颗粒间相互作用对非均匀沙输移的影响,采用推移质动态采集、图像识别和多普勒测速技术,实现了瞬时输沙量、颗粒组成与近壁脉动流速的实时同步监测。针对双峰型非均匀沙进行了211组推移质系列水槽试验,分析表明:推移质输移量与粗沙拣选度的随机波动与紊动猝发引起的流速脉动具有响应关系;推移质中细粒基本保持持续输移,而粗粒输移则具阵发性,并遵循促发、触发与失怙3种模式;颗粒组成结构对3种模式的实施过程有重要影响;它制约着泥沙中细粒对粗粒的激励、碰撞和解怙强度,使得推移质总沙、细沙和粗沙输移率随床沙组成的改变各自呈现出不同的变化规律;水流强度一定时,随床沙粗细比的减小,输沙率呈驼峰型曲线变化;只有适宜的粗细颗粒搭配(ηc)才能使非均匀推移质输沙率达到峰值,且大于该床沙组成中任一均匀沙的输沙率。     

非恒定流清水冲刷输沙规律初步研究

通过波动水流及定常流量的清水冲刷水槽试验,对非恒定流输沙特性进行了研究。分析了洪峰过程中,涨、落水流速、比降、输沙率的变化特性及影响输沙率的主要因素;揭示了加速流和减速流的输沙滞后效应;提出了洪峰输沙量的估算方法以及与洪峰流量输沙等效的当量流量。对人造洪峰设计,河床变形分析计算以及河工模型设计等有一定参考意义。     

洪水事件期间的泥沙输移模拟:实验室研究与野外试验

为建立对非恒定流中河流悬移质泥沙输移的基本理解，使用实验室侵蚀实验和人造洪水试验两种方法评估瞬时情况对水流输沙效率的影响。侵蚀实验揭示出当水流非恒定程度增加时，输沙能力增加，而瞬时情况的影响被河底粘性特性所抵消。通过水库蓄水进入一条小水渠的人造洪水野外试验，证实了这些发现，并揭示了在摩擦流速与悬移质输送之间的相互关系。提出了较适宜用于评估瞬时情况对悬移质泥沙输移影响的参数β。     

非牛顿体固液两相流的试验研究

非牛顿流体中固体颗粒的运动可分为推移质、悬移质和中性悬浮质运动.颗粒在非牛顿流体中的沉速显著小于清水中的,这反映了非牛顿流体中颗粒运动的阻力系数显著增大.非牛顿体明渠流中一般推移质运动适合拜格诺公式,但比水流中的推移质运动更容易发展成层移质运动,此时输沙率比拜格诺公式的值大.当非牛顿体流动转为层流时,表层流速加快而挟带的推移质显著减少. 与水流相比,非牛顿流体的悬移质挟沙力大得多,但冲刷率在小流量时较小,大流量时则大得多.大流量非牛顿流体明渠流中常发生严重冲刷,在一定条件下可能发生“揭河底”冲刷.试验中复演了这一特殊的冲刷现象.     

黄河中下游推移质泥沙输移特性研究

利用量纲分析原理讨论了黄河中下游河道各种水力要素及边界条件对推移质输沙率的影响,建立了反映河床形态因子的综合无量纲水流强度指标,同时分析了各水流强度指标与推移质泥沙输移强度的相关关系。结果表明:无量纲综合水流切应力指标和无量纲综合水流功率指标均与推移质泥沙输移强度有较好的相关性;在水流强度很低、无量纲水流功率综合指标W*2<600时,水流功率综合指标与推移质输移强度的关联度有一定的波动性;随着水流强度增大,无量纲水流功率综合指标600相似文献   

非均匀沙的推移质输沙率

本文对非均匀程度较大的推移质输移规律进行了研究.认为在分析输沙率与水流推移力之间的关系时,只有作用在运动沙粒上的有效推力才是有意义的,而作用在不动边界上的推力,不能推移泥沙运动;而且,沙粒所受水流推力的大小取决于沙粒投影面积的大小,而与本身的重量无关,从而求得了有效推移力的关系式.在此基础上,考虑了床面泥沙起动的随机性以及非均匀泥沙的起动规律,推得了非均匀泥沙的推移质输沙率公式.该式与其他学者的研究成果吻合尚好,并能够用于计算均匀沙的推移质输沙率.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。