黄河河口水沙运动的二维数学模型

本文针对黄河河口河道水沙潮波的特点，从水流连续方程、运动方程，泥沙运动方程出发，补充了潮流挟沙能力的计算公式，建立了黄河河道河口二维数学模型。以1982年实测资料，从潮位过程、流速大小和方向及海底冲淤变形等方面对数学模型进行了验证计算。在此基础上开展了典型水沙条件下黄河河口泥沙运动规律的模拟研究。其结果揭示了黄河河口清水沟所处海域的潮流潮汐特性和泥沙输移规律。这些成果与实测资料以及卫星遥感分析结果一致，进一步表明了模型的可靠性。     

基于GIS的黄河下游二维水沙数学模型测试与率定

为检验黄河下游基于GIS的二维水沙数学模型的水流、泥沙构件对各种流态、任意几何形状及水下河道地形等复杂情况的适应性，利用缓流、急流、缓急流相互转化、复式渠道及点源加沙等典型案例对模型构件进行了测试，并采用2004年黄河调水调沙试验资料对模型进行了初步率定。测试与率定结果表明：黄河下游基于GIS的二维水沙数学模型的水流、泥沙构件设计合理，数值方法正确，在各种流态、复杂地形等条件下具有通用性和较高的精度。虽模型的水流、泥沙构件能基本反映水流泥沙运动规律，但尚需通过更多的实测资料进行率定验证，以进一步提高模型的精度。     

黄河下游河道冲淤计算一维数学模型

尽管一维数学模型已比较成熟。但用于黄河下游尚存在不少问题。本文从一般挟沙水流基本方程出发,考虑黄河下游来水来沙及河床演变特性。汲取多家之长.建立了一维河流不平衡输沙复合模型。应用实测资料计算了黄河下游河床冲淤量。计算结果与实测值符合较好,而且本模型可以用于水库泥沙冲淤计算。     

黄河下游平面二维非恒定输沙数学模型:I-模型方程与数值方法

黄河下游冲淤变形剧烈,其平面二维泥沙数学模型的研究与开发是一个极其复杂的难题,在学术与工程实践上都具有重要意义。本文构建起具有通用性的黄河下游平面二维非恒定输沙数学模型。在该模型中:采用修正的河床变形方程;克服了以往数学模型计算中取饱和恢复系数小于1的缺陷;引入了符合黄河下游河道水沙特点的水流挟沙力和河床糙率计算等公式。在数值方法上:采用边界拟合坐标,对水流连续性方程与动量方程采用交错网格上的ADI方法进行离散求解,对泥沙连续性方程则采用控制容积法进行离散。     

黄河下游泥沙数学模型及其应用

本针对黄河下游来沙特性和河道冲淤演变的特点，建立了复式断面数学模型，综合考虑了洪水演进，不同粒径泥沙的冲淤特性，断面上的冲淤分布，悬沙和床沙级配的变化调整及其对水流挟沙能力的影响等方面的问题。黄河下游１９７４－１９８８年实测水沙系列验证计算表明，模型在冲淤总量，沿程分布等方面均与实测资料符合良好；小浪底水库对黄河游河道冲淤影响的计算结果与有关献的结论也基本一致。     

黄河下游平面二维非恒定输沙数学模型：Ⅰ—模型方程与数值方法

黄河下游冲淤变形剧烈，其平面二维泥沙数学模型的研究与开发是一个极其复杂的难题，在学术与工程实践上都具有重要意义。本文构建起具有通用性的黄河下游平面二维非恒定输沙数学模型。在该模型中：采用修正的河床变形方程；克服了以往数学模型计算中取饱和恢复系数小于1的缺陷；引入了符合黄河下游河道水沙特点的水流挟沙力和河床糙率计算等公式。在数值方法上：采用边界拟合坐标，对水流连续性方程与动量方程采用交错网格上的ADI方法进行离散求解，对泥沙连续性方程则采用控制容积法进行离散。     

黄河高含沙水流的高效输沙特性形成机理(黄河下游河道存在巨大的输沙潜力)

利用黄河主要干支流渭河、北洛河、黄河下游及三门峡水库大量实测资料,结合高含沙水流流变特性分析得出:河道中的高含沙水流的阻力与低含沙水流相同,均可用曼宁公式进行阻力计算;由于黄河泥沙组成较细,d50=0.03~0.10mm,随着含沙量的增加颗粒的沉速大幅度降低,泥沙在垂线上分布变得更加均匀,当含沙量大于200kg/m3以后发生改变;从泥沙存在对水流结构,流速在垂线上的分布特性上分析,含沙量200kg/m3左右时输送最困难,并得到河道实测资料的证实。由于粘性的增大,粗颗粒泥沙在河道中也能顺利输送,洪水期实测含沙量可达800~900kg/m3,表现出高含沙水流的高效输沙特性;黄河下游艾山以下河段实测洪水的最大含沙量为200kg/m3,在流量2 000~3 000m3/s时,高含沙洪水均可顺利输送。利用河道输送高含沙水流入海的主要障碍是改造宽浅游荡河段为窄深稳定的河槽。     

温孟滩放淤对黄河下游河道减淤效果分析

利用温孟滩区放淤可以处理一部分小浪底出库泥沙,减缓下游河道淤积,保障黄河下游防洪安全。采用实测资料分析、数学模型计算等方法,研究了温孟滩放淤方式及枢纽选择、放淤量、引水引沙规模等,并着重分析了对黄河下游河道的减淤效果。经计算,温孟滩放淤12.6亿t泥沙可使黄河下游减淤8.8亿⁹.2亿t。     

黄河中下游大型水库对下游河道的减淤作用

本文采用泥沙数学模型分别对小浪底水库单独运用以及小浪底与古贤水库联合运用的20个可能运行方案条件下,黄河下游河道的冲淤过程和发展趋势进行了计算研究。结果表明,在黄河上修建大型水利枢纽工程对减轻黄河下游河道淤积,遏制河床抬升具有明显作用。结合三门峡水库运用以来的实测资料,分析了大型水利枢纽工程运用与下游河道演变的内在规律,建立了小浪底水库出库水沙与下游河道泥沙冲淤的量化关系,给出了维持下游河道冲淤平衡的临界条件,为通过大型水利枢纽工程运用来减轻黄河下游河道泥沙淤积提供科学依据。     

论泥沙数学模型中断面简化对输沙能力确定的影响

在河道泥沙数学模型中，河道断面水流的挟沙能力确定是关键内容之一，其确定准确与否，直接关系到数学模型的准确性和可用性。将不规则断面形态简化为矩形断面是目前河流泥沙一堆数学模型中所广泛采用的方法，本文结合黄河实测资料，分析了这一简化对确定水流挟沙能力的影响，得出了将不规则断面概化为矩形断面将使计算得的断面挟沙能力比实际断面的挟沙能力为小，在许多情况下偏小的幅度较大。对黄河下游的河床演变的数学模拟的有问     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。