三峡公共工程信息系统功能与开发

三峡公共工程信息系统主要用来收集和处理三峡工程建设期间供水、供电、砂石料系统生产运行信息，为三峡建设各用户单位、管理者和决策者提供及时和广泛的信息服务，该系统设计基于ＷＥＢ技术，Ａｃｔｉｖｅ技术ＯＲＡＣＬＥ数据库系统等，符合现代信息管理技术的设计要求和发展方向，，满足三峡公共工程对于各种不同类型信息的收集与发布浏览的需求。     

面向21世纪的三峡水利枢纽通信系统

举世瞩目的长江三峡水利枢纽是一个具有防洪、发电。航运等综合效益的工程，其规模宏大，施工周期长，施工单位和人员众多，为了适应工程建设和管理的需要，必须建立一个技术先进、功能完善的通信系统。建设中的三峡施工通信系统是一个集多种先进通信设备为一体的复杂系统，主要包括三峡工地左、右岸程控交换机；PCM480CH微波工程；移动通信；光缆工程；VSAT卫星地面站；担负着施工期间重要的通信保障任务。一、任同原则长江三峡水刮枢纽是跨世纪的宏伟工程，施工通信系统是三峡施工期间传递指令和信息的中枢神经，必须体现高技术，高起…     

长江三峡水利枢纽梯级水库调度自动化系统

由三峡水库和葛洲坝水库组成的梯级水库的调度工作是由三峡梯调通信中心的梯级水库调度自动化系统实现的。系统的建设目标是满足三峡～葛洲坝梯级水库综合调度的需要。其主要功能是准确、及时地收集枢纽上下游水雨情信息、气象信息、枢纽运行信息、防洪调度信息、发电调度信息和航运调度信息，对这些信息进行分析、计算和综合处理，制作短、中、长期水文预报，在满足枢纽安全的前提下，为水库调度方案的优化提供决策支持。本文就梯级水库调度自动化系统的设计与实现进行了详细的阐述。     

金沙江水电工程光纤信息网建设设想

随着社会信息化、经济全球化的发展，信息通信越来越发挥作用，对国家级水利重点工程，无论在筹建期，还是在施工期或是在投产运行期信息通信的作用无处不在，无时不有。三峡工程经过10年的建设形成了特有的具有科学性和时代性的三峡建设模式，历经10年建设和发展的三峡信息通信网不但在技术领先国内水平，而且在体制创新上也取得了独特的     

先进安全监测系统保安世纪三峡

三峡水利枢纽是跨世纪的特大型水利水电工程,其安全问题广受国内外关注。2006年8月26日-9月5日,三峡三期枢纽工程蓄水156m水位顺利通过验收,三峡工程即将提前一年在初期运行水位上发挥其全部的设计功能。其中,为验收组专家提供参考依据的大量前期运行数据相当一部分来源于目前国内外水电工程规模最大、技术最复杂的三峡安全监测系统。在三峡工程建设过程中,作为三峡主体工程的一部分,安全监测工程对工程建筑物进行了全面的监测和评估,为大坝安全鉴定和工程建设各阶段验收提供了翔实、科学、准确的数据和资料,同时,也为三峡这座世纪工程提供了强有力的安全保障。本期《资讯》特约参与三峡安全监测系统建设的有关专家对监测系统的设计思想、应用在其中的先进技术和设备进行了介绍,其中,对在整个监测系统中起到重要作用的永久船闸监测系统以及前不久社会各界给予热切关注的三峡三期围堰爆破的安全监测系统进行了重点描述,以此期望广大读者对三峡安全监测工程有更多的了解。     

三峡输变电工程建设

三峡输变电工程是三峡工程的三大组成部分之一，承担着三峡电力外送的重要任务。通过三峡输变电工程的建设，形成的“西电东送”工程的中部主干通道，为更大范围内的能源资源的优化配置创造了条件，促进了全国互联电网的形成，加快了我国电网技术及建设水平的大幅度提高。搞好三峡输变电工程，确保三峡电站，特别是首批机组发电“送得出、落得下、用得上”。     

三峡枢纽电力通信监控及综合网管系统的建设设想

为保证三峡枢纽电力通信网的安全运行，建设三峡枢纽电力通信监控及综合网管系统，是实现这个目标的技术基础和强有力的手段。本文介绍了三峡枢纽电力通信监控及综合网管系统的建设目标、系统结构和系统功能框架等想法。     

三峡了望

输变电工程全面启动从今年下半年开始，三峡输变电工程将有3个项目陆续开工：一是从湖北双河到河南南阳的输变电线路；二是从湖北武汉凤凰山到江西下陆的输变电线路；三是江西南昌的变电站。同时，三峡——常州直流输电工程设备招标也将在年内开始。为确保系统安全稳定和提高国家输变电技术建设水平，电网公司与有关系统合作建成了电力系统仿真实验室、杆塔实验室、导线力学实验室和电磁兼容实验室等4个高水平实验室。期间，还开工并顺利兴建了长寿到万县500千伏输变电线路工程。从1998年开始到2003年，三峡输变电工程全面进入二期工程建设…     

三峡水利枢纽建筑物安全监测设计

三峡水利枢纽的特殊重要性对工程安全监测系统提出了很高要求，针对三峡水利枢纽建筑物存在的主要安全技术问题，制定了工程安全监测系统设计原则和系统结构，确定了主要监测项目及监测层次，对监测仪器和自动化系统的选型进行了论证。     

测绘和监控新技术在三峡工程中的应用

三峡工程是治理和开发长江的关键性骨干工程，建设过程中尽量采用了大量工程测绘和监控新技术。在简述三峡工程测控工作实施和监控体系的基础上，较详细地介绍了工程采用的测绘新技术，三峡工程监测系统，以及测控技术在施工质量控制方面的应用。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。