在线生物监测技术用于典型农药突发性污染的研究

水源水突发性污染监测技术是当前的研究重点,导致突发性污染事故的末知污染物可通过暴露于污染的水生生物行为改变来实现在线生物监测.通过48 h暴露,以标准水为对照,研究了经差分滤除以后,大型蚤在一定农药浓度下的相对行为变化,进一步说明生物行为生态学变化在水体生物监测中的指示作用.研究结果表明,在不同浓度百菌清、除草醚和溴氰菊酯的作用下,大型蚤的运动行为强度会发生剧烈变化,并呈现明显的剂量-效应关系.在一定浓度的农药暴露中,暴露生物的行为强度在经历一个短暂的突增后,会随暴露时间增加而逐步减弱.因此,通过监测大型蚤运动相对行为变化,可以实现对百菌清、除草醚和溴氰菊酯农药污染事故的在线生物监测.     

饮用水中余氯对大型蚤的急性和慢性毒性

目前我国饮用水生产过程中普遍采用氯消毒,在去除一些有害微生物的同时,会形成一定浓度的余氯。为了监测余氯对用于在线监测的水生生物产生的毒性效应,讨论了饮用水中余氯对大型蚤的急性和慢性毒性。当余氯为0.16 mg/L时,大型蚤24 h存活率为100%,48 h存活率为90%;当余氯达到0.32 mg/L时,大型蚤48 h存活率为30%。在最小致死剂量(MLD=0.16 mg/L) 暴露下,40 d慢性毒性结果显示水中余氯对大型蚤生长和生殖影响显著。因此,可用于实现在线连续监测过量投加后水中高浓度的余氯。而当大型蚤用于毒性的在线生物监测(如突发性事故监测), 或用于监测水质大幅度变化时,应考虑首先消除水中余氯对动物行为生态的影响。     

缺资料地区水体突发重金属污染的快速预警

针对缺资料地区水体突发性重金属污染事件,开展快速预警研究,可以快速预测重金属到达下游水域敏感点的时间和影响程度及范围,以降低突发事件带来的危害。通过地形概化、水力学特征参数快速设置、特征污染物参数选取、模型参数自动校正,建立了缺资料地区水体突发重金属污染事件的快速预警方法,并应用于甘肃突发锑污染事件。将预测值与实测值进行相关性分析,R~2在95%以上,表明该方法可对甘肃锑污染事件发生后污染物到达下游敏感点的时间、浓度变化过程与影响范围进行很好的预测,为事故的风险预警及应急决策提供了依据。     

突发性水污染事故应急处理技术研究进展

近年来,我国已进入重特大突发性水污染事故高发期,形势十分严峻。针对这一现状,对突发性水污染事故的4类主要污染物(包括有毒有机污染物、重金属污染、溢油污染及生物性污染)的应急处理技术及水利工程技术在突发性水污染事故应急处理中的关键作用进行综述,并提出应急处理后长期生态恢复建设的对策和措施,指出突发性水污染的应急处理需要应急管理、预测预警及应急处理技术三者的全面建设。上述研究旨在为突发性水污染事故应急处理技术的深入研究及应对突发性水污染事故的发生提供理论参考。     

突发水污染事故对河流水环境安全的影响研究

突发水污染事故往往会对城市供水安全、河流水环境产生重大影响。根据国家环保总局发布的信息表明,在我国因水上交通事故、企业违规或事故排污、公路交通事故、管道破裂等,每年发生的水污染突发事故次数多达几千起,并有逐年增长的趋势。特别是突发性水污染事故,由于其突发性与不确定性,监测与治理困难,造成的危害更加严重。为了减少危害与损失,研究突发性水污染事故对河流的影响规律尤为必。在建立水质模型的基础上,利用离散系数与降解系数的确定方法,以我国南方某河流为背景,假设河流上游发生事故性排放后,计算下游水体中污染物浓度的变化情况。同时对比了不同流量、不同污染强度条件下,下游污染物的迁移扩散规律和对某取水口的影响。研究成果可为河流应对类性突发性水污染事故提供借鉴。     

基于MIKE11的突发性水污染事故模拟及应急机制研究

以苏州市西塘河平原河网为研究对象,基于MIKE11模型构建了突发性水污染事故预测模型,模拟确定了西塘河正常引水条件下的污染物时间—迁移距离曲线,进一步假定"水溶性高危化学品A"泄露污染工况,模拟得到不同监测断面污染物浓度随时间变化情况,以及同一时刻不同监测断面污染物浓度情况。以此为基础,建立了一套西塘河突发性水污染事故应急机制,为西塘河引水工程的长效管理提供定量化及体系化依据。     

突发性水污染事故的应急筹备

近年来,我国城市水源地突发性污染事件日益增加.如何保护水源地生态环境安全和城市供水系统安全,以及如何快速有效地处理突发性水污染事故已成为急需解决的问题.从突发性水污染事故应急处置的具体方法展开研究,并从解决污染事故应急筹备的一般程序入手,详细论述了突发性水污染事故应急筹备的具体措施和方法,重点讨论了公众教育和专业人员培养、危险隐患识别、预警模型建立、污染隐患地点的安全保护及政企间的协调等内容.     

突发性水污染事故预警应急系统构思

提出了以预警应急系统应对突发性水污染事故的构想。在深入分析突发性水污染事故时空、污染范围和污染对象的不确定性、流域性、应急主体不明确等特点的基础上，构建突发性水污染事故预警应急系统体系，认为该系统应包括预警机制、应急机制和计算机辅助决策系统三个部分，并详细阐述危险源辨识、风险评价、应急原则、应急组织机构、应急分级、应急监测、应急处理方法等内客．同时分析了事故模拟的流程和数据库设计的要求。     

浅议水文部门突发性水污染事件应急监测思路

在突发性水污染事故时空、污染范围、污染对象、应急主体等状态不明确的基础上,探讨水文部门在事故报警、危险源辨识、水文调查、应急监测、风险评价、污染物预测预报和应急处理等应急环节中的工作思路,体现水文部门在地方政府突发性水污染事故预警应急系统体系中所能发挥的监测评价和水量水质联合预报预警作用。     

水库突发性污染事故水质影响过程分析

为了有效地控制突发性水污染事故带来的危害,以东北某大型水库为典型研究案例,综合考虑水库水文、气象条件和污染物迁移特征,拟定典型工况,基于已建立的三维水动力和水质耦合模型,模拟分析突发性污染事故发生后库区污染物三维空间分布及随时间变化的特征。结果表明受入库流量和全年主导风向东北风的影响,总体上污染物随着水流沿西南岸线向坝址方向扩散,且污染物的超标面积逐渐增大;但随着流程的增加,污染物的浓度逐渐减小。通过对水库水质的数值模拟,定量掌握了水库水质实时状态以及污染物空间分布,可以为有关部门制定与实施应急预案提供相关的技术依据。     

The organic contamination survey and health risk assessment of 16 source water reservoirs in Haihe River basin

Although contamination by organic pollutants has previously been reported to occur in the Haihe River basin, few studies have been carried out on the levels of source water reservoir contamination and the health risk in the Haihe River basin. To understand the organic pollution status of the reservoirs in the Haihe River basin, samples were collected from 16 source water reservoirs. The samples were analyzed for the representative organic pollutants, which included benzene homologues, chlorobenzene compounds, organophosphorus pesticides, and nitrobenzene compounds, a total in all of 17 compounds. It was observed that the concentrations of the 17 compounds in the 16 reservoirs were all less than the limit laid down by Chinese surface water quality standards. In addition, benzene, toluene, nitrobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, dichlorvos, demeton, dimethoate methyl parathion, malathion and parathion were frequently detected in the 16 source water reservoirs, especially the organophosphorus pesticides; the detection rates of dichlorvos, dimethoate, methyl parathion, malathion and parathion were all 100% in the 16 source water reservoirs. The detection rate of target compounds suggested that organic pollution had been common in the source water of the Haihe River basin. The health risk assessment results suggested that the noncarcinogenic risk hazard quotient values of the target compounds were less than one, and the cancer risk values were all below 1 × 10(-6), which indicated that the heath risk produced by the target compounds in the 16 reservoirs was at an acceptable level.     

大型溞和日本青鳉在水质在线生物安全预警应用中的比较

讨论了利用大型溞和日本青鳉作为受试生物,通过在线监测两种受试生物行为变化反映水质变化状况的优缺点.结果表明:首先,大型溞对水体污染比日本青鳉更敏感,针对某些污染物的监测水平甚至高于国家地表水标准的限值,而日本青鳉反应水平处于10倍以上地表水标准;其次,在连续监测过程中,大型溞行为变化未表现明显的昼夜规律性,而日本青鳉行为变化具有更明显的生物钟现象;第三,在连续在线监测过程中,大型溞持续监测只能维持7天左右,其续航能力明显弱于日本青鳉的30天以上监测周期.     

水源地有机农药在线监测技术的应用研究

使用Aquapod SPE 250在线监测仪开发了9种微量有机农药的在线监测方法,对其在重点饮用水水源地平岗泵站的实际应用进行了研究,并对该仪器的突发污染预警能力进行了测试评估。结果显示,Aquapod SPE 250在线监测阿特拉津、甲萘威、对硫磷、2,4-二氯苯酚、2,4,6-三氯苯酚、五氯酚、苯酚、敌草隆和绿麦隆等农药残留值的检出限较低,满足GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》的要求;平岗泵站2013年1-5月的有机农药残留值虽未超过我国标准,但已超出《欧盟饮用水水质指令》的检出限值;在实际水样中添加阿特拉津标准物质,Aquapod SPE 250的测定光谱异常,仪器出现报警信号,表明该仪器可用于有机农药的突发污染预警。     

水质预警研究发展探讨

指出建立预警机制下的水质预警系统对防范水污染事故的发生、降低水污染事故的影响具有积极作用,阐述渐变型预警和突发型预警的内涵及其相应的研究方法,综述目前国内外关于水质预警系统的研究及应用概况,进而从系统逻辑结构、监测网络及技术、水质预警方法、系统研究范围等方面对水质预警系统设计的进一步完善进行探索。     

Parathion degradation and toxicity reduction in solar photocatalysis and photolysis.

The solar photocatalytic degradation of methyl parathion was investigated using a circulating TiO2/solar light reactor. Under solar photocatalysis condition, parathion was more effectively degraded than solar photolysis and TiO2-only conditions. With solar photocatalysis, 20 mg/L of parathion was completely degraded within 60 min with a TOC decrease of 63% after 150 min. The main ionic byproducts during photocatalysis recovered from parathion degradation were mainly as NO3-, NO2- and NH4+, 80% of the sulphur as SO4(2-), and 5% of phosphorus as PO4(3-). The organic intermediates 4-nitrophenol and methyl paraoxon were also identified, and these were further degraded in solar photocatalytic condition. Two different bioassays (Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna) were used to test the acute toxicity of solutions treated by solar photocatalysis and photolysis. The Microtox test using V. fischeri showed that the toxicity expressed as EC50 (%) value increased from 5.5% to >82% in solar photocatalysis, indicating that the treated solution is non-toxic, but only increased from 4.9 to 20.5% after 150 min in solar photolysis. The acute toxicity test using D. magna showed that EC50 (%) increased from 0.05 to 1.08% under solar photocatalysis, but only increased to 0.12% after 150 min with solar photolysis, indicating the solution is still toxic. The pattern of toxicity reduction parallels the decrease in TOC and the parathion concentrations.     

Assessment of sediment quality and pore water ecotoxicity in Kebir Rhumel basin (NE-Algeria): a combined approach

The objectives of this study are to use different approaches to assess the current pollution status in the wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. First, sediment trace metal contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Then, sediment quality was assessed on the basis of contamination assessment indexes such as: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (C(f)), Contamination degree (C(d)), Sediment Pollution Index (SPI) and SEQ guidelines (Consensus Sediment Quality Guidelines). In addition, several toxicity tests (Daphnia magna mobility inhibition acute test-48 h, Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition acute test - 15/30 mn and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition chronic test - 72 h) were conducted to assess sediment pore water ecotoxicity. Trace metal concentrations followed the order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Indexes used indicate varying degrees of sediment quality. Igeo, C(f), C(d) and SPI reveal a polymetallic contamination dominated by two or more elements in which Cd, Cu and Pb are of greatest concern. SEQ guidelines showed that biological effects on fauna would likely be observed occasionally and/or frequently for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn contents. Test organisms exposed to sediment pore water showed that the algal P. subcapitata test was more sensitive than the D. magna and A. fischeri tests. Hence, algal growth inhibition proved to be the most sensitive response to contaminants present in sediment extracts but a significant relationship with trace metal contents was not demonstrated.     

流域水质安全事件应急体系设计

基于针对广东东江的设计实践总结了流域水质安全事件预防和应急体系的设计思路、内容和方法。考虑的水质安全事件涵盖了由有害物质泄漏造成的突发污染事件和常规污染源引起的水质污染事件;设计了包括各级政府部门、咨询专家和技术队伍的应急组织体系;介绍了针对突发事件和非突发事件的危险源识别和风险分布分析方法,组成预警系统的监控体系、预警条件和预警信息流程,包含应急技术措施矩阵、应急决策图表和计算机辅助决策指挥系统的应急技术预案。     

水源地保护及突发性水污染事件预警应急的研究与实施进展

从保护水源地和建立突发性水污染事件预警应急系统的重要性出发,综述了国内外在水源地保护立法、管理体制、水源地保护现状和突发性水污染事件预警应急系统建设方面的研究与实施进展。提出了从加强立法、规划,严控污染源,强化流域管理,鼓励公众参与,对水源地进行经济补偿,采用先进技术,加强水源地保护教育等方面加强水源地保护工作以及加强水源地突发性水污染事件应急的预警体系的一些建议。