臭氧及其高级氧化工艺对消毒副产物的控制研究

饮用水处理中产生的消毒副产物(DBPs)具有致癌致突变等健康风险,且其在水中广泛存在,引起了水处理行业的广泛关注。DBPs的前体物主要是消毒前未被水处理工艺去除,且能与消毒剂反应形成DBPs的有机物或无机离子。在消毒前,通过增设新的处理工艺(如预处理或深度处理工艺)以去除DBPs前体物,是控制DBPs的有效措施。臭氧及其高级氧化工艺能够有效氧化降解部分有机污染物,所以其已经成为控制某些典型DBPs的重要工艺。综述了臭氧及其高级氧化技术对典型DBPs——三卤甲烷及卤乙酸的控制效果,详细讨论了这些技术的降解效率、机理及反应动力学,以期为微污染原水条件下DBPs的有效控制提供有益参考。     

催化臭氧化——一种有前景的水处理高级氧化技术

介绍了均相和非均相催化剂增加臭氧氧化去除水溶液中有机物的效率 ,催化臭氧化能够氧化或降解单独臭氧不能氧化或降解的难降解有机物 ,减少后续氯化消毒工艺所形成消毒副产物如三氯甲烷等的含量     

臭氧技术在饮用水处理中的应用和研究现状

讨论了臭氧的理化特性及其应用于饮用水处理过程中各个阶段在去除无机物、提高混凝-絮凝效率、氧化天然有机物、氧化微污染有机物、消毒、控制藻类等方面所起的作用;全面综述了臭氧技术在饮用水处理中的国内外研究和应用现状.     

臭氧及臭氧高级氧化技术在水处理中的应用分析

文章在对臭氧氧化原理进行分析研究的基础上,对于臭氧及臭氧高级氧化技术在水处理中的应用进行了介绍分析,以期为其更好的服务于水处理提供一定的理论借鉴。     

饮用水臭氧应用安全性研究

对预臭氧、臭氧—生物活性炭等技术与常规水处理工艺联用中有机物去除效果、消毒副产物THMFP的消除等进行了研究。结果表明:采用适量臭氧(如1mg/L)预氧化,可有效提高混凝过程中有机物去除率;THMFP从常规处理的116μg/L降至78μg/L(1mg/LO3)。与预臭氧强化混凝联用的臭氧—生物活性炭工艺能进一步降低DOC和THMFP。研究发现:溴酸盐随着臭氧含量呈现起伏变化,溴酸盐相关前驱物不易分离去除。两次臭氧投加(预臭氧和主臭氧)均导致溴酸盐、AOC和甲醛升高;其含量可分别在后续的混凝过滤及生物活性炭过程中得到控制,仅AOC含量较原水和常规工艺出水有所升高。     

组合工艺控制有机物及消毒副产物前体物的特性研究

通过XAD-8树脂将水中有机物分成疏水性、亲水性两部分,对传统常规处理工艺(混凝气浮、过滤)和深度处理工艺(臭氧氧化、生物活性炭)出水的DOC,UV254THMFP,HAAFP指标以及疏水、亲水有机物去除率进行了检测分析。结果表明,生物活性炭(BAC)单元工艺能同时去除疏水性和亲水性两种有机物,且两者去除率均为最高。其次去除效果较好的是传统的常规工艺。臭氧工艺具有将天然的疏水性有机物氧化成可生化降解的亲水性小分子有机物的特点,在预臭氧+常规以及O3-BAC组合工艺中,起到了强化去除有机物和消毒副产物前体物的效果。     

臭氧催化氧化改善水质安全性指标中试与生产性研究

从水的生物稳定性、遗传毒性、颗粒物去除、臭氧氧化副产物以及催化剂的稳定性等方面研究了臭氧催化氧化-生物活性炭技术在净水处理过程中的安全性问题.结果表明,催化剂具有优良的物理化学稳定性,能够催化臭氧氧化进一步控制AOC及其前质,减小了活性炭的污染物负荷;与生物活性炭联用可以明显减小有害有机物穿透水处理工艺的能力,进一步消减了水的遗传毒性;联用工艺可以显著地去除水中与致病原生动物相关性极大的2～10 μm颗粒物,进一步提高了饮用水的卫生安全性;催化剂对剩余臭氧的消减抑制了BrO-3生成.     

臭氧在饮用水处理中的应用

1960年法国Nice市的自来水就已采用臭氧消毒。目前世界已有千座以上的给水处理厂采用臭氧消毒。自从确定氯化过程中所形成的卤化物(THMs)对人体健康是一个潜在的危害之后,美国才对用臭氧处理饮用水产生兴趣。杀菌和钝化病毒消毒常用的臭氧剂量为1.5至2.0毫克/升。在不进行臭氧化预处理或者水中含有大量有机物或无机物时,为达到预期的消毒效果,所需要的臭氧消毒剂量,可能要远大于2毫克/升。 Coin等人曾利用小儿麻痹症的病毒作过实验,实验证明;在连续臭氧化4分钟之     

臭氧-生物活性炭控制有机物和消毒副产物研究

南方某水厂采用的臭氧-生物活性炭给水深度处理工艺稳定运行了6年,为了解工艺长期运行过程中在活性炭性能指标下降后,是否还能有效地去除有机物和消毒副产物,开展了试验研究。重点考察臭氧-生物活性炭对水中有机物和氯化消毒副产物的去除效果,通过与常规处理出水水质的对比,探讨其去除有机物和消毒副产物的优势。结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭是一个长期有效的去除有机物和氯化消毒副产物的控制手段。该工艺对CODMn、TOC、UV254的去除率分别为43.2%、24.0%、58.8%;对THMsFP去除率为40.1%;对三氯甲烷和三氯乙醛的去除率分别达到54.5%和70.7%。在臭氧-生物活性炭组合处理工艺中,活性炭池是去除有机物和消毒副产物的关键工艺。     

硅酸锌催化臭氧氧化净水效能连续流实验研究

以实验室制备的硅酸锌为催化剂,考察了在连续流实验中催化臭氧氧化对滤后水水质的影响。结果表明,与单独臭氧氧化相比,在相同实验条件下,硅酸锌的存在能够提高水体中的臭氧浓度。硅酸锌催化臭氧氧化对滤后水的总有机碳(TOC)和天然有机物的去除效果均好于单独臭氧氧化。连续运行10 h,硅酸锌催化臭氧氧化系统中TOC的去除效果稳定,并且Zn2+的溶出非常少。生物可同化性有机碳(assimilable organic carbon,AOC)的测定结果表明,经过硅酸锌催化臭氧化处理后,滤后水中的大分子有机物所占比例明显降低,小分子有机物含量增高。GC-MS分析结果表明,单独臭氧氧化可使滤后水中有机物的种类从41种减少到27种;而硅酸锌催化臭氧化效果明显优于单独臭氧氧化可以使水中有机物种类减少到21种。     

TiO_2在饮用水膜处理技术中的应用研究进展

对于微污染水源水中天然有机物(NOMs)、藻毒素、农药等有毒有害物质,常规的水处理工艺不仅去除效果十分有限,而且会增加消毒副产物。膜分离技术是有效的解决方法之一,但如何制备新型膜材料、减少膜污染是实现膜分离技术在饮用水生产中应用的关键技术;TiO2催化氧化与膜处理技术联用后,可以提高膜通量,杀死细菌和有效减轻膜污染;在膜制备过程中TiO2不仅可以直接制备成膜,而且还可以杂合无机膜或有机膜制备复合膜,能够明显改善膜的亲水性,提高膜通量,在膜分离过程中同时具有催化性能。     

臭氧消毒技术研究进展

主要综述了臭氧消毒技术的研究现状,包括消毒机理以及主要影响因素,如温度、pH、有机物、颗粒物和无机离子等对消毒效果的影响,并介绍了消毒联合工艺研究进展。总体而言,臭氧具有较强的杀菌能力,是有较好前景的消毒技术。     

The basics of oxidants in water treatment. Part B: ozone reactions.

The oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds during ozonation can occur via ozone or OH radicals or a combination thereof. Ozone is an electrophile with a high selectivity. The reactions of ozone with inorganic compounds are typically fast and occur by an oxygen atom transfer reaction. Organic micropollutants are oxidised with ozone selectively. Ozone reacts mainly with double bonds, activated aromatic systems and non-protonated amines. The kinetics of direct ozone reactions depend strongly on the speciation (acid-base, metal complexation). The reaction of OH radicals with the majority of inorganic and organic compounds is nearly diffusion-controlled. The degree of oxidation by ozone and OH radicals is given by the corresponding kinetics and the ratio of the concentration of the two oxidants. Product formation from the ozonation of organic micropollutants has only been established for a few compounds. Numerous organic and inorganic ozonation disinfection/oxidation byproducts have been identified. The byproduct of main concern is bromate, which is formed in bromide-containing waters. A low drinking water standard of 10 microgL(-1) has been set for bromate. In certain cases (bromide > approximately 50 microgL(-1)), it may be necessary to use control measures to lower bromate formation (lowering of pH, ammonia addition, chlorination-ammonia process).     

臭氧与活性炭深度处理微污染原水试验研究

采用"预臭氧氧化 常规处理 GAC/O3-BAC深度处理"工艺针对南方某市微污染原水进行中试研究.结果表明:预臭氧能明显提高浊度、有机物和THMFP的去除效果,在此条件下常规出水浊度平均值＜O.1 NTU,与无预处理相比,CODMn去除率提高17.52%,氯消毒后CHCl3浓度降低86.4%;O3-BAC工艺对有机物、CHCl3的去除效果和吸附寿命均优于GAC工艺,但生物膜的脱落会影响浊度的去除效果;随着炭床厚度增加,GAC滤池中,CODMn呈线性降低,而BAC滤池中,上部500～1 000 mm厚度内,CODMn快速降低并稳定在一定的水平上.     

Evaluation of electrochemically generated ozone for the disinfection of water and wastewater.

Effective wastewater treatment is critical to public health and well-being. This is especially true in developing countries, where disinfection of wastewater is frequently inadequate. People who live in these areas may benefit from wastewater disinfection using ozone. This study evaluated the ability of a new electrochemical process of ozone generation, which produced ozone continuously at high pressure and concentration by the electrolysis of water, to disinfect tap water and secondarily treated wastewater. Inactivation of Klebsiella terrigena, Escherichia coli, MS2 bacteriophage and poliovirus 1 was evaluated first in reverse osmosis (RO) treated water. Inactivation of K. terrigena (6-log), E. coli (6-log), MS2 (6-log) and poliovirus 1 (>3-log) was observed after 1 min of ozonation in a 1 L batch reactor. Experiments were then performed to assess the microbiological impact of disinfection using ozone on secondarily treated municipal wastewater. The effect of ozonation on wastewater was determined for total and faecal coliforms, bacteriophages and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria. Electrochemical ozone generators provided an effective, rapid and low-cost method of wastewater disinfection. Based on the results of this research, electrochemically generated ozone would be well suited to remote, small-scale, disinfection operations and may provide a feasible means of wastewater disinfection in developing countries.     

小型农村饮水安全工程消毒设备选用初探

小型农村饮水消毒设施的选用,对小型农村饮水安全工程消毒设施的建后使用和管理至关重要,通过比较氯化消毒、二氧化氯消毒、臭氧消毒和紫外线消毒的消毒能力、消毒剂性质和消毒设备的成本,提出了桂林市雁山区小型农村饮水工程应采用紫外线消毒措施.     

Use of Ozone in Wastewater Treatment to Produce Water Suitable for Irrigation

The use of ozone to disinfect sewage is becoming increasingly important, especially when a high degree of treatment is required. Ozone is a strong disinfectant with a high oxidation potential and is one of the most effective ways of inactivating pathogens. In order to observe and evaluate the effect of this disinfectant on the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewaters, we analyzed the effluent input and output of an ozone disinfection plant located in Almeria, southeast Spain. The ozone input rate is adjusted according to the residual ozone content in the effluent output. The effluent is currently reused to irrigate vegetable crops. Another objective of this study has therefore been to verify the adequacy of this water treated process for preparing water for this purpose. Among the results obtained, it is important to highlight the fact that the ozone disinfection treatment was sufficient to inactivate faecal coliforms. We achieved reductions in these pathogens of around 89%. This treatment was respectful towards elements that give the reuse of effluent an added value in irrigation (N, P, K, etc) and also kept the quality of the waters within the authorized limits. Thus, we achieved up to 88% removal of COD, a maximum 68% removal of BOD₅ and up to 75% removal of suspended solids. Based on the results of the parameters analyzed in this ozonized effluent, we concluded that ozone-treated water is suitable for reuse in the irrigation of fresh consumption crops in accordance with the guidelines established in related legislation.     

强化混凝超滤组合工艺对有机污染物去除效能的研究

为了进一步提高水质处理效果,采用强化混凝超滤的组合工艺对湖水进行处理,考察该组合工艺对有机物的去除效能,及影响有机物去除效能的因素。试验结果表明:①强化混凝超滤组合工艺对原水浊度的去除效果较好,对TOC和UV254的去除效果也明显优于传统水处理工艺;②原水中UV254含量的波动,对UV254的去除率和滤后水UV254含量影响并不大。原水中TOC含量的波动,对TOC的去除率有很大的影响,对滤后水TOC含量的影响并不大。TOC的去除率普遍高于UV254的去除率;③根据原水和滤后水SUVA值的变化发现,强化混凝超滤组合工艺对亲水性有机物的去除率大于该工艺对疏水性有机物的去除率。在一定范围内,pH的变化对TOC和UV254去除率变化趋势相反。     

Disinfection and oxidation of sewage effluent water using ozone and UV technologies.

This study was aimed at exploring the reclamation of sewage treatment plant effluent water (SEW) as an alternative water resource. For the oxidation of SEW, an ozone-UV system, based on the results of the combined ozone/UV process performed in our previous study, was set up under practical conditions, including a series type, continuous mode, semi-pilot scale operation (1.5 m3/d). As a result, the serial contact of the ozone and UV reactors showed lower CODCr and TOC removal efficiencies. However, these were greatly enhanced by recycling the water flow of the ozone-UV system at 40Q, as a result of the improvements in the transferred ozone dose in the ozone reactor and the contact efficiency between photons and ozone in the UV reactor, which approached that achieved in the combined ozone/UV process. For the disinfection of SEW, carried out in a syringe-type batch reactor, the increase of instantaneous ozone demand (ozone ID) led to a higher inactivation efficiency, an increased UV transmittance due to ozonation, and an enhanced inactivation rate of E. coli in the UV reactor. Additionally, it was concluded that the ozone/UV process could overcome the limitations of the ozone alone and UV alone processes for the reclamation of sewage effluent water.     

Sustainability assessment of advanced wastewater treatment technologies

As a consequence of the EU Water Framework Directive more focus is now on discharges of hazardous substances from wastewater treatment plants and sewers. Thus, many municipalities in Denmark may have to adopt to future advanced treatment technologies. This paper describes a holistic assessment, which includes technical, economical and environmental aspects. The technical and economical assessment is performed on 5 advanced treatment technologies: sand filtration, ozone treatment, UV exclusively for disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and UV in combination with advanced oxidation. The technical assessment is based on 12 hazardous substances comprising heavy metals, organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors as well as pathogenic microorganisms. The environmental assessment is performed by life cycle assessment (LCA) comprising 9 of the specific hazardous substances and three advanced treatment methods; sand filtration, ozone treatment and MBR. The technical and economic assessment showed that UV solely for disinfection purposes or ozone treatment is the most advantageous advanced treatment methods if the demands are restricted to pathogenic microorganisms. In terms of sustainability, sand filtration is the most advantageous method based on the technical and environmental assessment due to the low energy consumption and high efficiency with regards to removal of heavy metals.