柔管与紊流耦合减阻效果的初步研究

为探讨柔管与紊流耦合减阻的初步机理,采用双重管结构及激光传感测位仪,在通过实验确认柔性管与刚体管相比确有紊流减阻效果的基础上,对柔管的紊动振动特性及相应的紊流减阻效果以及二者的相关性进行了实验研究。结果表明：柔管的壁厚越小,管外壁振动的脉动位移越大,无量纲的猝发周期也越大,紊流减阻效果越好;柔管壁外为压力平衡空气且雷诺数约为17 500时,壁厚分别为2,3,4 mm柔管的无量纲猝发周期依次为141,126,105,这将为设计高效的流体输送技术提供了一种实验技术上的选择。     

弹性管的紊流减阻效果与流激振动特性的实验研究

在实验确认弹性管确有紊流减阻效果的基础上,对其流激振动特性及紊流减阻效果进行了实验研究。结果表明:管的壁厚越小,管外壁的流激振动的脉动位移有效值越大,紊流减阻效果越好;在雷诺数Re约为2×104时,壁厚为2mm、3mm及4mm弹性管的流激振动减阻率依次约为12%、10%、8%。     

INFLUENCE OF YOUNG'S MODULUS ON DRAG-REDUCTION IN TURBULENT FLOW USING FLEXIBLE TUBES

In order to develop technologies of friction drag reduction with a flexible tube to be used for water transport, experimental studies were carried out on the influence of Young's modulus on the turbulent drag reduction. The friction coefficients of flexible tubes with different Young's modulus were examined by using a sleeve-tube structure. The fluctuating vibration of the outer wall and the fluctuating pressure on the inner wall of the tubes were measured with a laser displacement sensor and a pressure sensor. The results are as follows. The smaller the Young's modulus of a flexible tube and the larger the Reynolds number, the larger the turbulent drag reduction rates become. The transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow can be delayed with an appropriate Young's modulus. Non-dimensional amplitude of fluctuating vibration on the outer wall is smaller than that of a viscous sub-layer thickness, and is positively correlated with the friction drag reduction.     

柔性管自激振动减阻效果的实验研究

在实验确认柔性管紊流减阻效果的基础上,采用双重管结构,对柔性管的自激振动减阻效果进行了实验研究。结果表明:管的壁厚越小自激振动的减阻率越大;在雷诺数约为2.2×104时,壁厚为2 mm,3 mm及4 mm的柔性管自激振动减阻率依次约为13%,10%,8%。     

弹性管湍流输水减阻的效果评价和应用前景分析

为开发弹性管减阻技术,通过双重管结构,在对弹性管外壁充入几乎与管内压力相平衡的压力空气的条件下,实验考察了弹性管湍流输水的减阻效果。研究结果表明:基于双重管的弹性管减阻特性的评价是可行的;弹性管的壁厚越小,减阻率越大,雷诺数越高,减阻效果越好。使用激光位移传感器对弹性管外壁的脉动振动特性测试表明,弹性管外壁的脉动振动幅度与弹性管减阻率之间存在正相关关系。认为弹性管湍流输水减阻在国内的应用潜力巨大。     

柔性管紊流区域减阻效果机理实验研究

为探讨柔性管的紊流区域减阻效果的产生机理,采用高精度高频率响应特性的应变仪对柔性管外径随雷诺数的频率变化特性进行了研究.研究结果表明:随着雷诺数的增加,全频带的外径脉动的均方根值加大,但高频带外径脉动的均方根值减小,说明柔性管管壁脉动确实改变了原刚性管的脉动流场,大尺度涡的运动加剧,低尺度涡运动减弱,从而使得能量损失减少,减阻效果增大.     

仿生非光滑沟槽形状对减阻效果的影响

利用有限体积法对三角形、扇贝形和刀刃形三种仿生非光滑沟槽表面流场进行了数值计算.近壁面区采用B-L两层模型,远离壁面区采用雷诺应力模型.分析了三种沟槽非光滑表面的流场特性,对计算域中心 Z＝3mm平面的速度场和湍流统计量进行了研究,分析了不同沟槽形状对减阻效果的影响,为最佳减阻沟槽设计提供了理论依据.三种沟槽具有相同的特征尺寸,顶点间距 s＝0.1mm,沟槽尖顶到谷底高度 h=0.05mm,与光滑表面相比减阻效果分别为 3.2%、9.1%、9.7%,数值计算结果和风洞与油槽实验结果有较好的吻合.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTIC OF AERATED DRAG REDUCTION IN TUBE

Under the aerated conditions of wall and top intube, the turbulent flow in the tube was measured by usingLDA. The turbulent structure of the flow field and the mech-anism of aerating drag reduction in the tube were discussed. It is shown that the energy dissipations of turbulence flow andmean flow will reduce and the flow velocity (or flow rate) willincrease by injecting mini-bubbles to the wall or top of tube,namely the effect of aerating drag reduction is attained.     

Drag reduction of wall bounded incompressible turbulent flow based on active dimples/pimples

The control of turbulence by dimples/pimples has drawn more and more attention. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the active dimples/pimples for the drag reduction in the incompressible turbulent flow. Firstly, the drag reduction by the opposition control based on active dimples/pimples at the lower wall is studied via the direct numerical simulation of the turbulent channel flow. It is found that large active dimples/pimples can not suppress the streamwise vortices significantly and thus almost no drag reduction is achieved. Small active dimples and pimples with the diameter of one fourth of the streak width can both reduce the friction drag, but pimples will induce a larger pressure drag than dimples. Then the suboptimal control scheme is examined based on small active dimples using the spanwise wall shear information only. It is shown that the friction drag decreases by about 4.5% but the total drag is only reduced by about 2.7% abated by the pressure drag. Compared with the actuation of the all-point blowing/suction or the all-point wall movement, the effectiveness of the turbulent drag reduction based on active shallow dimples is much smaller.     

The numerical and experimental investigations of the near wake behind a modified square stay-cable

The near wake structure, the wake-flow characteristics and the drag coefficients behind a modified square stay-cable(MSC) with sinusoidal variations of the cross-section area along the spanwise direction are investigated experimentally and numerically. The Reynolds numbers are chosen as 100 and 500 for the laminar flow and Re= 6 000 and 22 000 for the turbulent flow. The detailed near wake structures, the velocity fields and the force coefficients for the MSC are captured, the effect of the Reynolds number on the flow structure for the MSC is studied. The numerical and experimental investigations show that the free shear layers from the leading edge are widened and prolonged and then roll up into vortices further downstream the MSC, unlike a straight square stay-cable(SSC) under the same flow conditions. As a result, the distinct mean drag reduction and the fluctuating lift suppression are observed for all Reynolds numbers, a drag reduction of at least 15.8% and the rms lift coefficient reduction of up to 95% are observed, as compared with the case of a straight square stay-cable at Re= 500.     

圆管流掺气减阻理论研究

本文研究了圆管中气液分层层流、分层紊流及掺气混合紊流情况下的阻力减小规律。理论研究表明，圆管中的气液分层层流、分层紊流，即在近壁层内充以空气，可以在相同的水流量下，使阻力下降，实现减阻。而掺气混合紊流时，只有当壁面附近的含气浓度大于圆管中心处的含气浓度时，才能在相同水流量下，使阻力下降，实现减阻     

条纹薄膜减小湍流阻力的试验研究

本文从湍流边界层的相关结构出发，探讨了条纹薄膜减少湍流边界层阻力的机理，通过平板模型的水洞试验，研究了条纹薄膜的减阻作用。试验结果表明，条纹薄膜具有明显的减阻效果，最大降阻量大约为１０％。     

Bending modes and transition criteria for a flexible fiber in viscous flows

The present paper follows our previous work in which a coupling approach of smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) and element bending group(EBG) was developed for modeling the interaction of viscous incompressible flows with flexible fibers. It was also shown that a flexible object may experience drag reduction because of its reconfiguration due to fluid force on it. However, the reconfiguration of deformable bodies does not always result in drag reduction as different deformation patterns can result in different drag scales. In the present work, we studied the bending modes of a flexible fiber in viscous flows using the presented SPH and EBG coupling approach. The flexible fiber is immersed in a fluid and is tethered at its center point, while the two ends of the fiber are free to move. We showed that the fiber undergoes four different bending modes: stable U-shape, slight swing, violent flapping, and stable closure modes. We found there is a transition criterion for the flexible fiber from slight swing, suddenly to violent flapping. We defined a bending number to characterize the bending dynamics of the interaction of flexible fiber with viscous fluid and revealed that this bending number is relevant to the non-dimensional fiber length. We also identified the critical bending number from slight swing mode to violent flapping mode.     

DISPERSION OF CYLINDRICAL PARTICLES IN TURBULENT FLOWS

With consideration of the Stokes drag and virtual mass force, the equations for mean and fluctuating velocities in rotation and translation were given for rigid cylindrical particles moving in a turbulent flow. Then the rotational and translational dispersion coefficients of particle were derived.The relationships between the dispersion coefficients and flow length scale as well as particle characteristic parameters were analyzed. The resulting dispersion coefficients were proved to decrease as the particle length increases. The conclusions are helpful for the further research on the motion of cylindrical particles in turbulent flows.     

肋条减阻

随着世界上能源消耗的不断上升，使人们不得不认真考虑如何有效的保护有限的能源，探求节约能源的新技术和新方法。湍流减阻就是在这种应用背景下提出在新课。经过二十多年的努力，特别是湍流理论的发展，使得湍流减阻理论和应用得到了突破性的进展。就减阻技术讲，有肋条减阻、聚合物减阻、大涡硫碎减阻、吹气和吸气减阻、微气泡减阻等，这些减阻技术一个共贩考虑，就是要控制边界层内的湍流结构，特别是拟序结构，减少湍能的耗损以     

DRAG REDUCTION IN A TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW WITH HYDRO- PHOBIC WALL

This paper investigates a theoretical prediction of friction drag reduction in turbulent channel flow which is achieved by using superhydrophobic surfaces. The effect of the hydrophobic surface is considered to be a slip boundary condition on the wall, and this new boundary condition is added to Large Eddy Simulation (LES) equations. The predicted drag reduction at Reτ=180 is approximately 30%, which concurs with results obtained from Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). An important implication of the present finding is that the near-wall turbulence structures are modified with streamwise slip velocity. In addition, a noticeable effect on the turbulence structure occurs when the slip length is greater than a certain value.     

MODIFIED LOG-WAKE LAWS FOR TURBULENT FLOW OF THE OUTER AND INNER REGIONS IN SMOOTH PIPES

Based on theoretical analysis two modified log-wake laws for turbulent flow in smooth pipes are obtained,one is applicable to the outer region and other one to inner region,the new law for the outer region fits the velocity profile measured in smooth pipes by Zagarola very well and the effect of Reynolds number can be taken into consideration,the velocity profile for inner region satisfies the wall boundary conditions ,equals zero at the pipe wall and smoothly joins up with the velocity profile in outer region,the adopted eddy viscosity model is consistent with Laufer’s,Nunner’s and Reichardt’s experimental data.     

表面糙率与明渠紊流猝发现象

采用流场综合分析法将流动显示与计算机图像处理相结合，在不同表面糙率的条件下重点研究紊流的猝发形态和特性.研究表明，表面粗糙度对明渠紊流拟序结构的特征有重要影响.猝发喷射角约为35～75度，随表面粗糙雷诺数增加趋于增大；喷射高度可达1/8水深；喷射尺度和清扫尺度均有随雷诺数增大的趋势.增大粗糙雷诺数明显增加了多头群体喷射现象，以致形成“喷射垫层”，清扫须在床面附近逐步深入推进；由于大雷诺数增加了群喷延续时间及清扫与喷射相持时间，无量纲猝发周期明显加大.分析还表明，在喷射迸发区域水体动能和紊流耗散率较床面附近提高了数倍.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE DRAG REDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVELING WAVY WALL AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER IN WIND TUNNEL

Drag reduction experiments of the traveling wavy wall at high Reynolds number, ranging from 1.46×10⁶ to 5.83×10⁶ based on the free-stream velocity and the model length, were conducted. A suit of traveling wavy wall device was developed and its characteristics of drag reduction at high Reynolds number were investigated. The drag forces of the traveling wavy wall with various wave speeds (c) were measured at different wind speeds (U) in the FL-8 low-speed wind tunnel and compared with the drag force of the flat plate. The results show that the mean drag force of the traveling wavy wall decreases as the value of c/U increases, at different wind velocities, the values of c/U corresponding to minimal drag force of the traveling wavy wall are different, when the values of c/U are larger than 0.6, the mean drag forces of the traveling wavy wall are smaller than those of the flat plate, and the drag reduction can be up to 60%. The drag reduction effectiveness of traveling wavy wall is thus achieved. Furthermore, as the value of c/U increases, the traveling wavy wall can restrain the separation and improve the quality of flow field.     

含柔性植物明渠水流阻力特性试验研究

利用水槽试验研究了无草、淹没型、非淹没型柔性植物水流阻力特性的变化规律,分析了含植物明渠沿程水面比降和阻力系数的变化特性。得到各植物阻力系数变化与尼库拉兹曲线基本相似,紊流范围内同样可划分为紊流光滑区、紊流过渡区、紊流粗糙区;探讨了各植物明渠等效河床的问题,据此确定了各植物的粗糙度,对植物粗糙度、水流雷诺数和阻力系数之间的关系进行了分析,并通过对各植物水流阻力系数的分区回归计算,得到各植物水流阻力的分区经验表达式,该方法能较好地应用于含植物明渠水流阻力系数的推求。