大型发电机励磁系统的设计

在已有发电机励磁设计技术基础上提出了发电机励磁系统设计过程中应该注意的问题，率先提出了励磁系统设计的四大趋势，指出了励磁系统发展的方向，并叙述了所提出的励磁系统设计中需要关注的问题，为励磁系统的设计和对励磁系统的评判提供了依据，对于励磁系统的设计具有参考和借鉴意义。     

黄河沙坡头水利枢纽河床电站励磁系统

通过对沙坡头水电站河床电站自并励微机型可控硅励磁系统的设计和投运，介绍了一种适用于灯泡贯流式水轮发电机的高性能新型励磁系统，为贯流式水轮发电机组的励磁系统设计提供了一定的经验。     

大唐观音岩水电站励磁系统主要参数计算与选择

本文给出了金沙江观音岩水电站发电机励磁系统主要参数计算和选择方法,分析了励磁系统参数选择中存在的问题,并提出了解决方案,对大型水轮发电机组励磁系统设备的设计与选择,具有重要的借鉴意义.     

发电机励磁控制系统调节器的抗扰设计

在认真研究了发电机励磁系统数学模型后，明确了机械功率是励磁系统的 一个确定型(非随机的)扰动这一物理事实。指出过去在设计励磁调节器时， 所做的发电机调速器不动作这一假设是不妥当的。据此提出了发电机励磁调节 器的抗扰设计方案。即在通常的最优励磁调节器中引入一个伺服补偿器，该 伺服补偿器实质是引入了发电机端电压偏差的积分反馈。数字仿真表明该设计方 案有效地解决了过去设计的最优励磁调节器所存在的静态性能较差的问题，相 应所设计的抗扰励磁调节器能真正做到维持发电机端电压在给定值上运行，且 有良好的功角特性。     

对我国大,中型水轮发电机近代可控硅静止励磁系统有关问题的几点看法和建

针对我国大、中型轮发电机近代可控硅静止励磁系统现状和译文“现代静止励磁系统重要设计特点”所论述的有关问题，结合我国国情提出了几点看法和建议 。     

扎戈尔抽水蓄能电站励磁系统及调整运行经验

叙述了扎戈尔抽水蓄能电站发电机－电动机励磁系统原理、调整和运行经验以及设计中存在的问题，对新电站励磁系统的结构设计有一定的指导意义。     

水轮发电机组励磁系统的现状及发展

针对国内外水轮发电机组励磁系统研究及应用技术的发展现状，介绍并分析了励磁方式选择、设备选型以及励磁控制调节手段等，就大中型、中小型等不同规模电站的励磁系统设计提出一些看法。目前我国在非线性最优励磁控制理论研究，以及Ｚｎｏ非线性电阻在发电机灭磁和过电压保护的应用等方面，都达到了国际先进水平，自行开发和研制励磁系统的能力也都得到了显著提高。     

基于87C196CA的双微机励磁调节器的研究与开发

励磁系统是同步发电机的重要组成部分。文章介绍了一种新型的基于87C196CA单片机的双微机励磁调节器，详细介绍了它的调节器特点和软硬件系统设计。     

800MW水轮发电机灭磁装置选型计算

介绍了向家坝电站励磁系统的配置,电站目前共8台单机800MW的水轮发电机,单机容量为目前世界上最大的水轮发电机组,发电机灭磁的可靠性尤为重要。为了避免发电机励磁系统事故,严重影响电站的安全运行,对向家坝电站励磁系统的设计方法及其参数计算进行了分析研究,提出了主要的参数计算方法,对设备选型配置进行了复核。     

MEC5330励磁系统短路试验电流跳变原因分析

介绍了MEC5330励磁调节器在发电机变压器组短路试验时出现过的发电机定子电流跳变现象,通过分析励磁调节器在试验过程中引起发电机定子电流变化发生突变的背景和根源,以及对发电机变压器组系统的影响,提出了改进思路和发电机变压器组短路试验时应采取的改进措施,供处理类似问题时参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明:MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%～5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.