非饱和黄土状土基质吸力试验研究

以豫西地区黄土状土为研究对象,在室内进行非饱和土试验,研究不同密度及水分状态下土的基质吸力变化规律。试验结果表明:基质吸力随黄土状土含水量的增大,基质吸力减小;相同围压下,在含水率为7%时,基质吸力随干密度的增加缓慢增加,在含水率为10%和13%时基质吸力随干密度变化先增大后减小,并且有明显峰值的非线性关系;黄土状土的黏性只对基质吸力大小产生影响,对其基本变化规律无影响。     

初始干密度对脱湿红土含水吸力特性的影响

以昆明非饱和红土为研究对象，以脱湿作用作为控制条件，考虑初始干密度的影响，通过滤纸法试验，研究初始干密度对昆明脱湿红土含水吸力特性的影响。结果表明，各脱湿含水率下，脱湿红土的质量含水率、滤纸含水率随初始干密度的增大分别呈缓慢减小、波动减小的变化趋势；各初始干密度下，土-水特征曲线呈现出基质吸力与体积含水率的变化趋势相反的特征；初始干密度一定时，脱湿红土的基质吸力总体上随着体积含水率的增加呈现缓慢减小～快速减小的变化趋势，突变体积含水率为26.5%；体积含水率一定时，随着初始干密度的增大，脱湿红土的基质吸力呈波动升高的变化趋势；基质吸力一定时，脱湿红土的体积含水率随初始干密度的增大亦呈波动升高的变化趋势。初始干密度不同，脱湿过程中红土颗粒的持水能力不同。     

初始干密度对弱膨胀土土水特征曲线影响

用压力板法、滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法研究了初始干密度对全吸力范围内弱膨胀土压实样土水特性的影响。试验结果表明:联合压力板法、滤纸法和蒸汽平衡法可较好地测量出全吸力范围内弱膨胀土土水特征曲线的脱湿曲线。土-水特征曲线用饱和度和吸力关系表示时,脱湿曲线随着初始干密度的增加向右上方偏移;土-水特征曲线用含水率和吸力关系表示时,含水率随着初始干密度增加脱湿曲线向左下方偏移。     

滨海盐渍土土-水特征曲线试验研究

针对黄骅港滨海非饱和盐渍土,采用滤纸法对不同含盐量、不同含水率土样的吸力进行试验研究,分析其土-水特性及含盐量与各吸力之间的关系,以及吸力的影响因素及变化规律,并拟合建立基质吸力与体积含水率,渗透吸力与含盐量、体积含水率的数学模型。结果表明:含盐量的改变对总吸力和渗透吸力影响较大;基质吸力与体积含水率呈指数关系;拟合得到的渗透吸力与含盐量、体积含水率模型具有较高的拟合优度。研究成果可为分析非饱和盐渍土工程特性提供参考。     

南阳膨胀土冻融循环后的土水特征试验研究

南水北调中线工程的膨胀土渠道容易遭受季节性冻融的影响。为探究冻融作用对膨胀土土水特征的影响规律,以南阳膨胀土为试验对象,采用滤纸法测定经历不同冻融次数的膨胀土土样的总吸力和基质吸力,绘制其试验散点图,并分别采用VG模型和幂函数模型对基质吸力及总吸力与土体含水率的关系进行拟合。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,基质吸力和总吸力土水曲线整体向左下方偏移,进气值逐渐减小,持水性能降低;渗透吸力在含水率增大时逐渐减小,但不同冻融次数的渗透吸力数值并无显著差别;采用VG模型和幂函数模型分别拟合本试验中的基质吸力土水曲线和总吸力土水曲线,相关系数高,形式简单,模型参数在冻融循环中逐渐趋于稳定值。研究成果可供处在季节性冻土区的膨胀土工程建设及维护提供参考。     

风积砂水分迁移试验研究

为了研究水分在风积砂中的迁移规律,以不同初始含水率、不同干密度的陕北风积砂为研究对象,在不损坏试样的前提下在试验室进行含水率的实时监测。分析了风积砂内部含水率、渗透强度的时空变化规律,得到了土水特征曲线,揭示了风积砂的水分迁移特征。研究表明:在等温条件下,基质势和重力势是风积砂中水分迁移的主要动力;同一干密度下、不同初始含水率的风积砂中由于基质吸力引起土体中水分迁移的湿润锋高度相同,补水量随着初始含水率的增大而减小,渗透强度随着初始含水率的增加呈现递减趋势;风积砂土水特征曲线的分布包含饱和段、过渡段和不变段,其中同一干密度土样的曲线的饱和段水分分布规律基本相同,过渡段内水分变化梯度存在较大差异,水分变化梯度随初始含水率的增大而逐渐减小;对于不同干密度的风积砂,在相同初始含水率下,补水量和渗透强度随干密度的增加而减小,毛细水上升高度随着干密度的增加而增大。     

非饱和高液限土土-水特性试验研究

为研究非饱和高液限土土-水特性及其不同条件下土-水特性试验的适用性,分别采用滤纸法、非饱和土固结仪法和现场试验法对公路边坡工程中非饱和高液限土进行测量土-水特征曲线的试验研究。结果表明:滤纸法测得的土-水特征曲线与室内方法存在差距,大部分在室内测得土-水特征曲线的回滞圈内,对曲线进行拟合得到含水率与基质吸力对数呈线性关系;室内非饱和土固结仪法试验得到的土-水特征曲线出现滞回效应,曲线利用VG模型可较好地拟合;现场监测得到的土-水特征曲线(SWCC)与室内试验方法的结果存在差距,但大部分在吸湿曲线和脱湿曲线之间,更接近吸湿曲线,曲线受土体上覆应力影响,上覆应力越大曲线越陡,且基质吸力与含水率成负相关,二者不存在滞后现象,曲线可利用线性函数较好地拟合。     

Q3原状黄土与重塑黄土的土水特性研究

黄土土水特征曲线与其强度、渗流及本构关系等密切相关。为研究Q3黄土的土水特性,分别进行了Q3原状黄土和重塑黄土的土水特征曲线测试,并用经典的B-C模型和V-G模型对试验结果进行拟合,分析孔隙比对Q3重塑黄土土水特性的影响。结果表明:原状黄土土水特征曲线分为快速减小、缓慢减小和稳定3个阶段,进气值为20kPa左右,随土体排水,空气进入孔隙内部,吸力逐渐增大,稳定阶段土体饱和度很低,土体处于大吸力段,孔隙排水不明显;重塑黄土土水特征曲线整体趋势与原状黄土一致,但孔隙比对其影响较明显,当孔隙比较大时,体积含水率降低引起吸力明显增加,进气值较小,孔隙比较小时,随着吸力值增加,体积含水率降低速率较小,随着孔隙比减小,土体进气吸力值逐渐增大;采用B-C模型和V-G模型与原状黄土试验结果进行对比,B-C模型低吸力段拟合效果不佳,高吸力段拟合较好,V-G模型整体拟合效果良好。     

滤纸法测定非饱和膨胀土土水特征曲线试验

针对现实中土体含水量任意变化的情况,采用滤纸法测定非饱和膨胀土任意循环路径下对应的总吸力和基质吸力,得到了任意含水率变化下的总吸力曲线和土水特征曲线。将曲线进行拟合,利用毛细滞回内变量模型进行计算,通过与试验结果对比,验证了该模型对于膨胀土的适用性。结果表明:滤纸法测得的土水特征曲线与传统方法测得的曲线大致相同。含水量任意变化下的曲线不与完整脱、吸湿曲线重合,相同含水率下,脱、吸湿开始点之间含水率差值越小,脱湿后吸湿的曲线,基质吸力越高;吸湿后脱湿的曲线,基质吸力越低。毛细滞回内变量模型适用于非饱和膨胀土,计算结果与实际值能较好吻合。     

不同干密度压实黄土的非饱和渗透性曲线特征及其与孔隙分布的关系

压实黄土在水分入渗条件下容易产生湿陷、不均匀沉降等工程地质问题,因此有必要对其渗透特性进行研究。本文采用基于滤纸法的竖直土柱试验测试了3种不同干密度压实黄土全吸力范围的渗透性曲线。试验结果表明,压实黄土的渗透性曲线随着基质吸力减小分为缓升段、陡升段和饱和段三个阶段,且干密度越小的土三段特征越明显。压实黄土干密度的差异主要影响低吸力段渗透系数,干密度越大,渗透系数越小;基本不影响高吸力段渗透系数。由于渗透系数与孔隙分布密切相关,孔隙越多渗透性越强。因此本文用压汞试验测得了3种土样的孔隙分布曲线。试验表明不同干密度的压实黄土,微孔数量基本相同,对应吸力范围的渗透系数也相同;孔径为1.3μm d 8μm的小孔数量随干密度增大而减小,对应吸力范围的渗透系数也相应地减小;中孔、大孔数量很少,其对土样的渗透性的影响甚微。这反映了渗透性受孔隙分布控制的内在机理。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.