GOOSE报文过滤方法研究

面向通用对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）是IEC 61850标准用于解决智能电子设备（IED）之间实时信号通信的多播通信机制，但标准中推荐的多播报文过滤方法在实际工程中不具备可操作性。分析和比较了3种多播报文过滤机制的特点，认为静态配置交换机多播过滤是目前IEC 61850变电站应用GOOSE切实可行的方案，提出了交换机配置定值化管理的概念。交换机配置定值化管理是数字化变电站的必然趋势。IEC 61850标准应采纳统一的动态多播地址管理协议实现交换机动态多播地址过滤，以简化变电站网络设备的管理。     

基于VxWorks系统的GOOSE实现与可靠性分析

面向通用对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）模型是IEC 61850对数字化变电站的重要贡献,其出发点是变电站自动化功能的分布式实现。通过分析VxWorks操作系统内核的特点,提出了基于VxWorks的IEC 61850 GOOSE发布的实现方案。GOOSE发布任务基于VxWorks事件组,采用事件驱动方式处理GOOSE初始发送、变化发送、快速重发和周期重发。给出了各GOOSE发送控制块共享的高精度定时器的使能和关闭方法。分析了VxWorks网络重发的实现原理,提出了新添加GOOSE协议的重发送实现方式。     

数字化变电站中的通信网关

在数字化变电站的建设和改造过程中,基于IEC 61850的变电站自动化系统与现有系统之间必然存在一个过渡期。为了解决新系统与现有系统的兼容问题,提出了一种数字化变电站中常规智能电子设备的接入方案,设计了一种IEC 61850通信网关,包括配置工具、协议转换器、数据采集过滤器、IEC 61850和过程控制对象链接与嵌入（OPC）客户/服务器等软件模块。另外,基于上述方法开发了一个原型系统,通过测试验证了所采用方案的可行性。     

基于IEC 61850的数字化故障录波器的研制

数字化故障录波器采用基于PowerPC8270的硬件平台和基于嵌入式Linux操作系统的软件平台。装置接收合并单元发送的遵循IEC 61850-9-1标准采样值数据报文和保护控制单元发送的遵循IEC 61850-8-1标准的面向通用对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）报文，按照同步采样的合并策略，实现在全球定位系统（GPS）同步和失步状态下开关量数据和采样值数据的同步，提取正确的GPS时间，最终形成故障录波文件，较好地满足了数字化变电站中对故障录波器的新要求。     

基于EPOCHS的数字化变电站通信网络仿真分析

针对变电站自动化系统全站统一式通信网络结构,在电力通信同步仿真平台（EPOCHS）上建立了基于IEC 61850标准的数字化变电站的通信网络动态仿真模型。依据网络仿真需求,在网络模拟器NS2中实现了物理子网间的连接,并添加虚拟局域网多播和报文优先级处理机制。对采样值（SAV）和通用面向对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）传输的实时性进行了仿真分析,仿真结果为网络带宽、虚拟局域网划分以及报文优先级处理提供了依据。     

基于IEC 61850 GOOSE技术的继电保护工程应用

从继电保护可靠性、速动性以及运行检修、工程设计的要求出发,通过分析IEC 61850提供的通用面向对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）快速报文机制和保护装置硬件结构、软件逻辑,对GOOSE技术应用于继电保护的关键技术,如保护装置GOOSE网口设置、智能操作箱的应用、GOOSE报文的数据处理、运行检修“隔离”措施以及GOOSE配置和工程设计等进行了研究分析,给出了数字化变电站GOOSE技术继电保护应用方案,并已在实际工程中得到了应用。     

GOOSE通信与应用

IEC 61850标准的通信模式有客户/服务器（C/S）模式和 P2P（peer-to-peer）模式2种，面向通用对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）作为IEC 61850的一个全新应用，采用了P2P模式，并应用了许多最新的网络与通信技术，使许多新的应用成为可能。文中对GOOSE通信协议栈进行了分析，并对GOOSE应用的一些关键问题进行了研究，如虚拟局域网（VLAN）的划分、时间的测试、GOOSE辅助工具等。     

基于数字化变电站过程层的分布式母线保护的研制

文章提出了基于数字化变电站过程层的分布式母线保护实现方案,并针对分布式母线保护所涉及的关键问题进行了详尽分析,结合IEC61850协议特征、数字化变电站过程层的通信特点及母线保护的特殊要求,对分布式母线保护的通信模式进行了评述。     

变电站GOOSE报文在IED中的实时处理

报文的通信延迟包括传输延迟和处理延迟2部分。IEC 61850标准将面向通用对象的变电站事件（GOOSE）报文直接映射到数据链路层，能有效减少传输延迟。文中对GOOSE报文在变电站智能电子设备（IED）中的处理延迟进行了研究。分析了前后台方式的嵌入式系统在变电站IED中处理实时报文方面的不足，提出在IED中采用具有强实时内核的操作系统，并针对IED中实时报文和非实时报文混合处理环境需求，在RTAI实时操作系统上设计了保障GOOSE报文处理实时性的方案。实验验证了该方案的有效性和实用性。该研究结果对于使用IEC 61850的变电站IED过程总线通信设计具有参考意义。     

基于IEC 61850-9-2的变电站通信网络仿真

以太网的通信能力是支撑基于IEC 61850标准的数字化变电站正常运行的重要因素。文中围绕全站统一环形网和星形网,采用仿真软件OPNET对变电站的各种典型数据流建模,采样值采用IEC 61850-9-2协议,考虑星形和环形2种网络结构、网络带宽、过程层网络传输采样值、环网断线故障、文件传输对采样值与跳闸报文的影响等因素,制定了多套仿真实验方案,针对一个实际的中型变电站进行了对比仿真实验与分析,为数字化变电站系统的构建提供一定的参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。