光纤布拉格光栅串式多点位移计

基于不锈钢测杆连接悬臂梁结构的光纤布拉格光栅位移传感器,通过首尾连接形成光纤布拉格位移传感链路串。本设计利用安装在法兰盘下方的弹簧消除相邻各位移计的影响,同时在悬臂梁敏感位置上下两侧粘贴光栅消除温度对位移的影响,得到光栅波长与各段传感器实际位移的对应关系。通过现场对比测试,可实现在小口径的测量孔中安装位移传感链路串,提高围岩位移监测分辨率。     

基于波分复用技术的FBG传感器线性阵列测温系统应用研究

不同的光纤光栅可具有不同的中心波长,利用光通信技术中的波分复用技术,可以实现在一根光缆中同时传输多个不同中心波长的光信号,将这些不同波长的光纤光栅传感器级联在一根光缆上,构成传感器线性阵列拓扑结构,则可以实现准分布式的多点测量。将基于波分复用技术的光纤布拉格光栅传感器线性阵列测温系统应用于大体积混凝土施工过程中的温控测量,目前在国内尚不多见。通过在三峡工程升船机塔柱安全监测项目的温控测量,为延拓光纤布拉格光栅测温系统的应用范围积累了一些有益经验,也为光纤布拉格光栅测温系统应用于大型水利工程的混凝土温控测量获取了宝贵资料。     

基于光纤Bragg光栅的悬臂梁式力检测系统

采用毛细金属管对光纤光栅进行了封装,设计了一种悬臂梁式光纤布拉格光栅力检测装置,对光纤光栅的温度和力传感性能进行了实验研究,分析了基于悬臂梁的双光纤Bragg光栅的力灵敏度。结果表明:毛细金属管能够对光纤光栅提供较好的保护,封装后其温度和力传感性能稳定,温度灵敏度为11. 1 pm/℃,力灵敏度为0. 891pm/N,而在悬臂梁上正反面粘贴两个相同的FBG能够进行温度补偿的同时,使力灵敏度提高两倍。     

适应于水工结构物应变监测的光纤布拉格光栅

光纤布拉格光栅(FiberBraggGrating)传感器以其耐久性好、抗电磁干扰能力强、不影响埋设部位混凝土的性能和力学参数、易于实现准分布式测量等优点,正逐渐成为替代传统电阻应变计的首选。本文介绍了光纤布拉格光栅的传感原理及温度补偿和安装方法,并展望了其在水工结构物中的应用前景。     

一种低成本解调系统的双光栅电压传感器

设计了一种由2×2和3×3耦合器构成的M-Z干涉仪，并成功应用到所设计的光纤光栅电压传感器解调中。与其他电子式、光学电压传感器相比较，基于2×2和3×3耦合器构成的M-Z干涉仪解调的光纤光栅电压传感器系统结构简单、价格优廉。此系统通过2根不同波长的光纤光栅分别对温度和电压进行测量。测量结果表明，此系统在50 V到450 V之间线性度比较好，消除了光纤光栅温度交叉敏感的问题，使得测量的结果更加准确，能够满足电力系统测量的要求。     

双管式光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器

设计了一种对外加应力应变不敏感的光纤光栅温度传感器,通过双层结构消除外加应力应变对Bragg波长的偏移值影响。建立了光纤光栅温度传感器模型中温度变化量与Bragg波长的偏移值的对应关系。采用水浴法进行测温实验,根据实验数据得到光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器的各项静态性能指标。     

光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器在三峡大坝坝前水温监测中的应用

基于光纤 Bragg 光栅的波长变化受光纤纤芯的有效折射率和光栅周期的影响,通过测量光纤 Bragg 光栅的反射波长的变化,可以探知环境物理量的变化。在假设压力场和轴向应力场保持恒定的基础上得到的温度传感模型,结合三峡大坝坝前水温监测的要求,建议采用温度与波长的二次式关系。其标定结果能够满足要求,并且监测的结果较好。     

基于啁啾布拉格光纤光栅(CFBG)的混凝土磨蚀监测方法

提出了一种基于啁啾布拉格光纤光栅(CFBG)的混凝土磨蚀监测方法,其基本工作原理在于光纤光栅长度会随着混凝土磨蚀的发生而同步变短,从而引起光栅反射光谱带宽变窄,继而利用光纤光栅的相关理论计算得到混凝土磨蚀深度。同时,还描述了一种计算混凝土磨蚀深度的简单算法,并通过对比试验验证传感器测试的精度。试验结果表明:对于单点的磨蚀深度测量结果,该方法的测量精度可达到亚毫米级别,可应用于水工建筑物表面磨蚀状态的实时监测。     

光纤布拉格光栅隧道应力应变监测系统

隧道二次衬砌应力、应变状态的长期监测,一直是国内外岩土工程界关注的焦点.对此.分析了光纤光栅传感器传感原理,提出了将光纤布拉格光栅传感器应用于隧道二次衬砌应力、应变监测的新方案.同时,在现场进行光纤布拉格光栅传感器与钢弦式传感器的对比实验,并进行优势分析.实验结果表明:光纤布拉格光栅传感器具有很高的测试精度,长期稳定性好,信号传输距离远,为长期监测提供了一种可靠有效的手段.     

基于光纤光栅传感技术的变压器温度检测系统

结合目前光纤温度传感器的研究现状,以及变压器内部温度测量的具体要求,设计了一种光纤光栅温度测量的具体方案,选择了合适的硬件,搭建了基于鸟溪江电厂油浸式温升用试验变压器的光纤光栅温度测量平台.应用光纤光栅温度传感器对变压器在恒定负载以及变化负载情况下的绕组发热情况进行了测量.实验证明,光纤光栅温度传感器的测量结果准确稳定,对温度的变化反应迅速,能够有效地对变压器内部温度进行测量.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比 α₀（初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值）分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比 α₀对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随 α₀ 变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。